416 APPLIED SCIENCE 



to the helpers or mechanics in the various parts of the shop. 

 All punching is done on a punching machine, which punches 

 the various-sized holes for riveting. Holes that cannot be 

 punched are drilled either on the drill press or by portable 

 hand-drills, and cuts are sawed and slotted by the backsaw and 

 theslotter. Castings are ground and filed by helpers. Curved- 

 work and bentwork are sent to the blacksmith, who shapes 

 them up into forms according to templates. If any duplicates 

 are to be made, a form is forged or cut to the exact size and 

 shape of the finished product, and all pieces are forged into 

 shape around this form. Pieces of pipe are often needed for 

 railings. When put to such use, they are bent to shape and 

 the ends are threaded by the blacksmith or his helpers. 



After all work has been punched, sawed, filed, drilled, and 

 forged, it goes to the finisher for assembling. From the 

 detail drawing he is able to place the different parts in their 

 proper places and to fasten them together with screws, bolts, 

 or rivets. When the finisher has properly assembled the 

 job, he passes it on to a helper who paints it. It is then 

 ready for delivery to the customer, or for erection. 



477. Structural Steelwork. In structural steelwork, after 

 the draftsman has completed the detail drawings they are 

 sent to the foreman of the structural department, who 

 assigns the work to the layers-out. The proper I-beam or 

 channel beam is selected and cut into lengths and the places 

 for the rivet holes are marked off. If cutting to a certain 

 shape is required, this shape is marked on the steel. The 

 work, after it is laid off, is sent to the punchers, cutting-off 

 machines, or drill presses. Here the pieces are cut- to size 

 and shape, holes are punched or drilled, and everything is 

 done to put the work in shape for the assemblers. When 



