MACHINE-SHOP PRACTICE 431 



on single-head planers, "cross" and "vertical." The tool- 

 head is marked with graduations for any desired angle. 



Care must be taken during the operation of a planer that 

 chips and dirt from the platen are not swept or allowed to 

 blow into the V-ways,as this will cause injury to the machine. 

 Oil should also be freely supplied to the machinery under 

 the planer platen; these parts are likely to be neglected 

 because they are hidden. 



The installation and erection of a planer is of much import- 

 ance, as poor work will result from a machine built on a poor 

 foundation. A planer 24 in. X 24 in. X 6 ft. will consume 

 an average of .035 horse-power for every pound of cast iron 

 removed per hour and .065 horse-power for every pound of 

 machinery steel removed per hour. The ignorant operator 

 may, by the way he grinds and sets his tools, waste much 

 power in driving the machine. 



498. Shaping Machine. The shaping machine differs 

 from the planer in that the tool post moves while the work 

 is stationary. Both machines are used for planing flat, 

 level, and oval surfaces but the shaper is nicely adapted 

 for cutting grooves, slots, and dovetails, and for work on 

 small pieces and short travels. 



Shaping machines are designated by the length of their 

 stroke in inches or by the extreme length they will plane. 

 A vise is attached on the shaper to hold the work, and on 

 12-in. shapers four cone speeds are usually provided for 

 changes in speeds. The round-nose, diamond-point, eut- 

 ling-off or parting tools, and the side-shearing tools are the 

 ones most commonly used. Shapers are of three types: 

 (1) crank, (2) back or geared, and (3) friction, the crank 

 and geared types being the more common. 



