CHAPTER XXX 

 PAINTS AND VARNISHES 



410. Objects and Operations of Painting. Paints and 

 varnishes are used to preserve and ornament surfaces. A 

 paint is opaque and therefore completely covers the under- 

 lying material, while a varnish is transparent or translucent 

 and protects the surface without hiding it. 



Painting includes a variety of operations, such as: (1) the 

 preparation of wood, plaster, and metal surfaces to receive 

 the coats of paints; (2) the removal of old finishes; (3) the 

 preparation and mixing of spirit or oil vehicles (carriers) and 

 lead, zinc, or other color substances called pigments; (4) the 

 rubbing down of coats; (5) the graining, laying on of gold- 

 leaf gilding, lettering, free-hand drawing, stenciling; (6) 

 the rigging of scaffolds; and (7) the setting of glass with 

 putty or molding in windows, doors, and skylights, con- 

 structed of wood, metal, or stone. These processes are per- 

 formed under a variety of conditions in the paintshop, in 

 manufacturing plants of many kinds, or on the outside or 

 inside of dwellings or other buildings. 



411. Preparation for Painting. The first step in all types 

 of painting is the preparation of the surface which is to be 

 covered with paint. In new work, this consists in cleaning 

 and smoothing the surface with sandpaper and a dusting brush. 

 In refinishing surfaces which have once been painted the first 

 step is the removal of old finishing coats of paint or varnish. 



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