CHAPTER XXXIV 

 HAND WOOD-WORKING TOOLS 



480. Working Edge. Before wood can be worked to 

 measurements, it is absolutely necessary to have at least 

 two adjacent faces "true" that is, flat and smooth and at 

 right angles to each other. These two surfaces are called 

 the "working faces," and the edge between them the "work- 

 ing edge." These surfaces are used as a foundation from 

 which to mark the lines for guiding the cutting tools. The 

 lines drawn on the wood show the form of the object to be 

 made and the waste parts to be removed; they are known as 

 the layout of the work. 



481. Carpenters' Tools Saws. Carpentering involves 

 either benchwork or toolwork, and requires the use of a great 

 variety of more or less complicated tools. The carpenter 

 is expected to care for and sharpen these tools and must, of 

 course, know their use and construction. 



The principal carpenter's tool is the hand-saw, which 

 consists of a thin piece of steel, called the blade, along the 

 edge of which teeth are cut; the handle end of the blade, 

 called the head; and the other end, called the point. The 

 blade is considerably wider at the head than at the point. 

 Hand-saws are of two kinds : rip, and cross-cut. The rip-saw 

 is used for cutting with the grain of the wood, and the cross- 

 cut for cutting across the grain. The steel for a good saw 

 is tempered to a high degree of hardness. It is then ham- 

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