428 APPLIED SCIENCE 



493. Kinds of Planes. Planes are made in different 

 sizes and lengths to suit different kinds of work. The jack 

 plane is about 13 in. long and is used for removing large 

 quantities of rough wood, leaving the piece fairly smooth. 

 The smooth plane is used for smoothing material which has 

 already been roughly smoothed and straightened. The 

 jointer plane is often 2 ft. or more in length, and is used 

 for straightening long and uneven material. The block 

 plane is about 6 in. long, and is used in planing the end 

 grain of wood, when there is no vise handy for holding the 

 piece. 



A considerable degree of skill is required to sharpen and 

 adjust these planes properly for different classes of work. 

 The metal parts of wooden planes must be kept bright, and 

 the wooden soles true and free from grooves which may be 

 made by nails or particles of dirt. Iron planes, which 

 rust easily, must be kept well oiled, especially in damp 

 weather. 



494. Chisels and Gouges. Chisels are of two types the 

 framing chisel, which has the handle fitted into a socket on 

 the end of the chisel; and the firmer chisel which has a tang 

 upon the handle. The framing chisel is used for heavy work 

 and the firmer chisel for light work. Chisels of varying 

 widths are used for cutting joints and are among the most 

 useful of the carpenter's tools. In striking the handle of a 

 chisel, a mallet should be used, as the hammer will cause it 

 to split. Chisels and all edged tools should be kept sharp and 

 free from rust, as a matter of economy of time and labor, and 

 of quality of workmanship. Gouges are similar to chisels, 

 except that their cutting edges are curved, and have an 

 inside or an outside bevel. 



