430 APPLIED SCIENCE 



lines across the grain of wood. In some cases the gauge is 

 constructed with a handle like that of a plane. 



Other tools in the use of which 

 the carpenter must acquire mani- 

 pulative skill are the spoke shave, 

 for smoothing curved surfaces ; the 

 mallet, for driving chisels in heavy 

 cutting; the bevel, with movable 



blade used in getting angles for 

 FIG. 204. Try-Square. 



cutting rafter ends and other ma- 

 terial; screw-drivers of various types, such as ratchet and 

 spiral; hammers, flat and bell-faced; miter boxes; levels; 

 wrenches; awls; nail sets; rules; files; rasps; pliers; hatchets; 

 bench axes; and vises. 



Questions 



1. What is the meaning of "working face" in wood-working? 



2. Explain the meaning of the term "working edge." 



3. Describe the carpenter's saw. 



4. How are saws classified? 



5. How is a saw made? 



6. What is the set of a saw? Why is it important? 



7. What is a kerf? 



8. What is the pitch of a saw? 



9. Why is it necessary to use different pitches for different 

 kinds of wood? 



10. Explain the operation of a saw. 



11. Explain the action of a rip-saw. 



12. Describe the tooth of a rip-saw. 



13. Describe the action of a cross-cut saw. 



14. Explain the mechanical principle involved in handling a saw. 



15. How does a shaving made by a saw differ from one made by 

 a chisel? 



16. Name some of the factors that determine the thickness of 

 the shaving. 



