4 THE HISTOEY OF ANIMALS. |_B' r 



oysters, and the animal called holothuria. 1 Some aquatic 

 animals are swimmers, as fish, and the mollusca, 2 and the 

 malacostraca, as the crabs. Others creep on the bottom, as 

 the crab, for this, though an aquatic animal, naturally creeps. 



9. Of land animals some are furnished with wings, as birds 

 and bees, and these differ in other respects from each other ; 

 others have feet, and of this class some species walk, others 

 crawl, and others creep in the mud. There is no animal which 

 has only wings as fish have only fins, for those animals whose 

 wings are formed by an expansion of the skin can walk, 

 and the bat has feet, the seal has imperfect feet. Among 



"sX^ birds there are some with very imperfect feet, which are 

 (therefore called apodes ; they are, however, provided with 

 very strong wings, and almost all birds that are similar to 

 this one have strong wings and imperfect feet, as the swallow 

 and drepanis ; 3 for all this class of birds is alike both in ha- 

 bits and in the structure of their wings, and their whole 



~*^*- appearance is very similar. The_annsj is seen at all times 

 of the year, but the drepanis can only be taken in rainy 

 weather during the summer, and on the whole is a rare bird. 



10. Many animals, however, can both walk and swim. 

 The following are the differences exhibited by animals in 

 their habits and their actions. Some of them are gregarious, 

 and others solitary, both in the classes which are furnished 

 with feet, and those which have wings, or fins. Some partake 

 of both characters, and of those that are gregarious, as well 

 as those that are solitary, some unite in societies and some 

 are scattered. Gregarious birds are such as the pigeon, 

 stork, swan, but no bird with hooked claws is gregarious. 

 Among swimming animals some fish are gregarious, as the 

 dromas, 5 tunny, pelamis, 6 amia. 7 



11. But man partakes of both qualities. Those which 

 have a common employment are called social, but that is 

 not the case with all gregarious animals. Man, and the 

 bee, the wasp, and the ant, and the stork belong to this 

 class. Some of these obey a leader, others are anarchical ; 

 the stork and the bee are of the former class, the ant and 

 many others belong to the latter. Some animals, both in 



1 Perhaps some species of Zoophyte. 2 Cephalopods. 



3 Perhaps Sand martin. 4 Swift. 5 Some migratory fish. 



6 A kind of tunny, still called palamyde at Marseilles. 



7 A kind of tunny, Les Bonitons (Camus.) 



