B. T.j THE HISTOET OF ANIMALS. '9 



lopods, swim both with their feet and fins, and move quickly 

 upon the hollow parts of their bodies, as the sepia, teuthis, 

 and polypus : but none of them can walk except the polypus. 

 Those animals which have hard skins, as the carabus, swim 

 with their hinder parts, and move very quickly upon their 

 tail, with the fins which are upon it, and the newt both with 

 its feet and tail, and (to compare small things with great) it 

 has a tail like the glanis. 1 



4. Some winged animals, as the eagle and the hawk, are 

 feathered; others, as the cockchafer and the bee, mem- 

 branaceous wings ; and others, as the alopex 2 and the bat, 

 have wings formed of skin. Both the feathered and leather- 

 winged tribes have blood ; but the insects, which have naked 

 wings, have no blood. Again, the feathered and leather- 

 winged animals are all either bipeds or apodous, for they say 

 that there are winged serpents in Ethiopia. 3 



5. The feathered tribe of animals is called birds ; the other 

 two tribes have no exact names. Among winged creatures 

 without blood some are coleopterous, for they have elytra 

 over their wings, as the cockchafer and the beetles, and others 

 are without elytra. The animals of this class have either 

 two or four wings. Those with four wings are distin- 

 guished by their greater size or a caudal sting. The diptera 

 are either such as are t small, or have a sting in their head. 

 The coleoptera have no sting at all ; the diptera have a sting 

 in their head, as the fly, horse-fly, gad-fly, and gnat. 



6. All bloodless animals, except a few marine species of 

 the cephalopoda, are smaller than those which have blood. 

 These animals are the largest in warm waters, and more so 

 in the sea than on the land, and in fresh water. All creatures 

 that are capable of motion are moved by four or more limbs. 

 Those with blood have four limbs only, as man has two 

 hands and two feet. Birds have two wings and two feet ; 

 quadrupeds and fishes have four feet or four fins. But those 

 animals which have two wings or none at all, as the serpent, 

 are nevertheless moved by four limbs ; for the bendings of 

 their body are four in number, or two when they have two 

 wings. 



1 Silurus glanis, L. (Strack). 2 Probably some kind of flying 



squirrel. 3 Herodotus, ii. 76 : " the form of this serpent is similar 



to that of the water-snake ; its wings are not feathered, but like those of 

 bats :'' the draco volann may have given rise to this storv. 



