B. I.] THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS. 11 



but they have never received names. Each kind must, 

 therefore, be taken separately, as man, as we speak of lion, 

 stag, horse, dog, and of others in like manner. There is, 

 however, one class of those that have a mane called lopburi, 1 

 as the horse, ass, mule, ginnus, 2 hinnus, and those which in 

 Syria are called mules, 3 from their resemblance, though not 

 quite of the same form. They copulate and produce young 

 from each other, so that it is necessary to consider well the 

 nature of each of them separately. 



4. We have now treated of these things in an outline, for 

 the sake of giving a taste of what we are afterwards to 

 consider, and of how many. Hereafter we will speak of them 

 more accurately, in order that we may first of all examine 

 into their points of difference and agreement ; and after- 

 wards we will endeavour to inquire into the causes of 

 these things, but it will be a more natural arrangement to 

 do so when we treat of the history of each. For it is evident 

 from these things what they are, and what we have to de- 

 monstrate. 



5. Our first subject of consideration must be the parts of 

 which animals are made up, for these constitute the chief 

 and the whole difference among them ; either because they 

 have them or are without them, or these parts vary in posi- 

 tion or arrangement, or in any of the differences mentioned 

 before, in form, size, proportion, and difference of accidents, 

 First of all, then, we will consider the parts of the human 

 body ; for, as every one can best understand the standard of 

 money with which he is most familiar, so it is in other things. 

 And of necessity, man must be the best known to us of all 

 animals. The parts of the body are, indeed, plain enough to 

 every one's common sense ; but, that we may not forsake our 

 arrangement, and may have reason as well as perception, we 

 will speak, first of all, of the organic, and afterwards of the 

 simple, parts. 



CHAPTER VII. 

 1. THESE are the principal parts into which the whole body is 

 divided. The head, neck, trunk, two arms, and two legs, 



1 Animals with long hair on their tails. 



2 Ginnus is the offspring of a mule and mare. Book vi. 24, 1. 



3 Hemionus, perhaps the foal of a horse and wild ass, and so dis- 

 tinct from oreus, the foal of the he-ass and mare. 



