11 THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS. [B. I. 



2. Man is the only animal with ears that cannot move them. 

 Among animals which have the faculty of hearing; some have 

 ears, and others, as winged and scaly creatures, have no ear, 

 but an open orifice in the head ; all viviparous animals, except 

 the seal, and the dolphin, and other cetacea, have ears ; the 

 selache also are viviparous. The seal has open orifices by 

 which it hears ; the dolphin can hear, though it has no ears ; 

 all other animals can move their ears, but man alone does 

 not move them. 



3. The ears (of man) lie in the same circle with his eyes, 

 and not above them, as in some quadrupeds. The ears are 

 either smooth, hairy, or moderate. These last are the best 

 for hearing, but they do not in any way indicate the dis- 

 position. They are large, or small or middling, or they are 

 erect, or not at all, or only moderately erect. The moderately 

 erect are a sign of the best disposition ; large and erect eara 

 are an evidence of foolish talking and loquacity. The part 

 of the head between the eye and the ear is called the temple. 



4. In the middle of the face is the nose, the passage for the 

 breath, for through this animals inhale and exhale, and 

 through it also they sneeze ; this is the expulsion of a con- 

 centrated breath, and is the only kind of breathing which is 

 esteemed ominous or sacred : moreover, inhaling and exhal- 

 ing is into the chest, and without the nostrils it is impossible 

 to inhale or exhale, for inhaling and exhaling is from the 

 breast by the windpipe, and not from any part of the head. 

 But it is possible to live without this respiration through the 

 nostrils. The smell also resides in this part ; this is the sense 

 of odour. The nostril is very moveable, and not naturally 

 immoveable like the ear. 



5. One part of the nose, namely, the division between the 

 nostrils, is cartilaginous, but the passage is empty, for the 

 nose is formed of two divisions. In the elephant, the nostril 

 is very large and strong, and it answers to the purpose of a 

 hand,' for the animal can extend it, and with it take its food, 

 and convey it to its mouth, whether the food is moist or dry. 

 This is the only animal that can do so. 



' 6. There are also two jaws, the upper and the under. All 

 animals move the lower jaw, except the river-crocodile, and 

 this moves the upper jaw only. Below the nose are two lips, 

 the flesh of which is very moveable. The mouth is the 



