18 THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS. [B. I 



them, for the reasons which I have mentioned before, that 

 its proper place being assigned to each part, any diiference in 

 their arrangement in man and other animals may be less 

 likely to escape our notice. 



2. In man, the parts of the body are more naturally di- 

 vided into upper and lower than in any other animal, for all 

 the upper and lower parts of his body are arranged accord- 

 ing to the order of nature above and below ; in the same 

 way, also, the fore and hind parts, and those on the right 

 and left, are placed naturally. But in other animals some 

 of these parts are either not at all so placed, or they are 

 much more confused than in man. The head is placed above 

 the body in all animals, but in man alone, as we have said, is 

 this part corresponding to the order of all things. 



3. Next to the head is the neck, then the breast and the 

 back, the one before and the other behind ; and each of them 

 in the following order: the stomach, loins, pudenda, 

 haunch, then the thigh and leg, and, last of all, the foot. 

 The legs have the joint bent forwards, in which direction 

 also is their manner of walking, and the more moveable part 

 of the legs as well as the joint is bent forward : the heel is be- 

 hind. Each of the ankles is like an ear. Prom the right and 

 left side come arms, having the joint bent inwards, so that 

 the flexures both of the legs and arms are towards each other, 

 especially in man. 



4. The senses and the organs of sense, the eyes, nostril, 

 and tongue are in the same position, and in the anterior part 

 of the body ; but the hearing, and its organ, and the ears are 

 at the side, and upon the same circumference as the eyes. 

 Man has the eyes closer together, in proportion to his size, 

 than other animals. The sense of touch is the most accurate 

 of the human senses, and next to this the taste. In the rest 

 of his senses he is far surpassed by other animals. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



1. THE external parts of the body are arranged in this 

 manner ; and, as I have said, are for the most part named and 

 known from habit. But the internal parts are not so well 

 known, and those of the human body are bhe least known. 

 So that in order to explain them we must compare them with 

 the same parts of those animals which are most nearly allied. 



