B. I.] THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS. 23 



a cavity in their kidneys, though it is greater in some than 

 in others. The human kidneys, though similar to those of 

 oxen, are more solid than in other animals, and the passages 

 that lead to them end in the body of the kidney ; and this is 

 a proof that they do not pass through them, that they con- 

 tain no blood in the living animal, nor is it coagulated in 

 them when dead ; but they have a small cavity, as I said 

 before. From the cavity of the kidneys two strong pas- 

 sages lead to the bladder, and two others, strong and con- 

 tinuous, lead to the aorta. 



8. A hollow, sinewy vein is attached to the middle of each 

 kidney, which extends from the spine through small branches, 

 and disappears towards the hip, though it afterwards ap- 

 pears again upon the hip. The branches of these veins reach 

 to the bladder ; for the bladder is placed lowest of all, being 

 united to the passages which proceed from the kidneys by 

 the neck which reaches to the urethra ; and nearly all round 

 its circumference it is united by smooth and muscular mem- 

 branes, very similar in form to those upon the diaphragm of 

 the chest. 



9. The human bladder is moderately large in size, and the 

 pudendum is united to the neck of the bladder, having a strong 

 passage above and a small one below. One of these pas- 

 sages leads to the testicles ; the other, which is sinewy and. 

 cartilaginous, to the bladder. From this are appended the 

 testicles of the male, concerning which we will treat in the 

 part devoted to their consideration. These parts are the same 

 in the female, who differs in none of the internal parts except 

 the womb, the appearance of which may be learned from 

 the drawings in the books on anatomy. Its position is upon 

 the entrails. The bladder is above the uterus. In a future 

 book we will speak of the nature of the uterus generally ; 

 for it is not alike, nor has it the same nature in them all. 



These are the internal and external parts of the human 

 body, and this is their nature and their manner. 



