B TT.l TILE HISTORY OF ANIMALS. 27 



5. Camels have a part peculiar to themselves, called the 

 hump upon the back ; the Bactrian camel differs from the 

 Arabian ; the one has two humps, the other but one ; and they 

 have another hump below, like the one on their back, upon 

 which the rest of their body is supported, when they go 

 down upon their knees. The camel has four mammae, like the 

 cow, and a tail like an ass, and the pudendum is behind; 

 it has but one knee in each leg, and not many joints, as 

 some persons say ; this appearance arises from the position 

 of the abdomen. It has a a talus like that of an ox, mis- 

 shapen, and small in proportion to its size. 



6. The hoof is cloven; it has not teeth in both jaws. 

 The cloven hoof is formed in this manner ; the lower part is 

 somewhat cloven, as far as the second joint of the toes, but 

 the upper part is four-cleft as far as the first joint of the 

 toes ; there is a membrane uniting the cloven parts as in 

 geese, the foot is fleshy underneath like that of a bear, where- 

 fore, when camels are used in war, and become footsore, their 

 drivers put them on leather shoes. All quadrupeds have 

 their legs bony and sinewy and without flesh, that is all 

 animals with feet are so formed, excepting man, and they 

 are without hips ; this is particularly the case with birds. 

 But on the contrary, the hips, thighs, and legs of man are 

 more fleshy than almost any other part of his body, for even 

 the calf of his leg is fleshy. 



7. Some sanguineous and viviparous quadrupeds have many 

 divisions in the foot, like the hands and feet of man ; for 

 some, as the lion, the dog, and the panther, have many divi- 

 sions of the foot ; others are cloven-footed, and instead of 

 nails have hoofs, as the sheep, the goat, the stag, and the 

 river-horse. Some are without divisions in the foot, as the 

 solidunguli, the horse, and the mule. The genus of swine 

 belongs to both classes ; for in Illyria, Paeonia, and other 

 places, there are swine with a solid hoof. Those with a two- 

 cleft hoof have two divisions, before and behind ; in those 

 with a solid hoof this is continuous. 



8. Some animals have horns, others have none ; most of 

 those with horns have also cloven feet, as the ox, the stag, 

 and the goat. "We have never seen an animal with a solid 

 hoof with two horns, and there are only a few that have a 

 solid hoof and one horn, as the Indian ass, and the oryx. 1 



1 Antelope Oryx. 



