B> II.] THE HISTORY OI ANIMALS. 29 



2. The bear has four, other animals have two mammae upon 

 the thighs, and two nipples like sheep ; others have four nipples, 

 as the cow ; some animals have not their nipples on the breast 

 and thighs, but on the abdomen, as the dog and the hog, 

 they have many nipples, but not all of the same size ; other 

 animals also have more than two, as the panther, which has 

 four on the abdomen ; the lioness has two on the abdomen, 

 the camel has two mammae and four nipples, like the cow. 



3. Among animals with a solid hoof the males have no 

 mamma3, except some horses which bear a resemblance to 

 their dams. Some males have the penis external, as man, and 

 the horse, and many others ; some internal, as the dolphin. 

 Of those animals in which it is external, some have it in 

 front, as those which I have named ; and some of these have 

 both the penis and testicles loose, as in man ; others have 

 them close to the abdomen ; some have them more, others 

 less loose, for this part is not equally free in the boar and 

 the horse. 



4. The elephant has a penis like a horse, but small and less in 

 proportion to the size of its body ; its testicles are not external 

 but internal, and near the kidneys, wherefore also the work 

 of copulation is quickly performed. The female has the 

 pudendum in the same position as the udder of the sheep, 

 and when excited with desire, it is lifted up outwards, so as 

 to be ready for copulation with the male ; and the orifice of 

 the pudendum is very wide. Most animals have the penis 

 in the same direction, but some are retromin gent, as the lynx, 

 lion, camel, and' hare. In some males, as I have said, the 

 direction of the penis is different, but all females are re- 

 tromin gent, for even in the female elephant the pudendum is 

 placed under the thighs, as in other animals. 



5. The penis is very different in different animals, for in some 

 it is cartilaginous and fleshy, as in man ; the fleshy part does 

 not swell, but the cartilaginous portion is erected ; in others 

 it is sinewy, as the camel and the stag ; in others it is bony, as 

 the fox and the wolf, the weasel and the martin, for the 

 martin also has a bony penis. 



6. Again, man being a perfect animal, has the upper part 

 of his body less than the lower part ; the contrary is the case 

 with other sanguineous animals : by the upper portion of 

 his body we mean the portion of his body from the head to 



