B> jjl THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS. 39 



has feet, but it has none ; the fins, however, are like feet, 

 which gives it this appearance. I have now described the 

 external parts of sanguineous animals, their nature, and their 

 number, and the differences which occur amongst them. 



CHAPTER XI. 



1. FIBST of all we will speak of the internal parts of san- 

 guineous animals, for the greatest number of genera differ 

 from other animals, some being sanguineous, others ex- 

 sanguineous. The sanguineous genera are man, viviparous 

 and oviparous quadrupeds, birds, fishes, and whales, and 

 perhaps others that are anonymous, because they do not 

 form a genus, but simply species amongst each other, as the 

 serpent and the crocodile. 



2. All viviparous quadrupeds have an oesophagus and 

 trachea, situated as in man, and so have oviparous quadru- 

 peds and birds, though there is some difference in the forma- 

 tion of these parts ; all that breathe by inhaling and exhaling 

 air have lungs, trachea, and oesophagus. The position of the 

 O3sophagus and trachea, though similar, is not the same, nor 

 are the lungs alike in all, nor similar in position. 



3. All sanguineous animals have a heart, and a division 

 in the middle of the body, called a diaphragm. In small 

 animals its smallness and thinness render it less apparent. 

 The heart of the ox is peculiar ; for there is a kind of ox, 

 though not the whole genus, which has a bone in its heart, 

 and there is also a bone in the heart of the horse. 



4. Not all animals have lungs, fish and those with gills have 

 no lungs. All sanguineous animals have a liver, generally a 

 spleen also ; but in oviparous animals that are not vivipa- 

 rous, the spleen is so small as nearly to escape notice, as in 

 most birds, the pigeon, kite, 1 hawk, 2 and owl. The aegocepha- 

 lus 3 has none at all. Oviparous quadrupeds are of the same 

 nature, for they have a very small spleen, as the tortoise, 

 emys, 4 phryne, 5 lizard, crocodile, and frog. 



5. Some animals have a gall upon the liver, others none. 

 Among viviparous quadrupeds the stag 6 has none, nor the 

 deer, 7 horse, mule, ass, seal, and some swine. The Achainian 

 etag appears to have the gall in the tail ; that which they call 



1 Falco milvus. 2 Falco palumbarius. 3 Stryx otug. 



4 Testudo coriacea. 6 Cervus elaphus. 



7 Cervus capreolus, or C. Dama, 



