B. II.] THE HISTOEY OF ANIMALS. 43 



8. And the nature of the bowels differs in the before-named 

 animals, those, namely, which have not, and those which have 

 teeth in both jaws, in size, thickness, and folding. The intes- 

 tines of the ruminants are all large, and so are the animals 

 themselves ; there are a few small animals of this class, and 

 there is no horned animal which is very small. And some 

 have appendages to the intestines, for none of the animals 

 with teeth in both jaws have straight intestines. There are 

 enlargements in the bowels of the elephant, which give it 

 the appearance of having four stomachs ; in these the food is 

 detained, and apart from these there is no receptacle for the 

 food. Its intestines are very like those of the hog, except 

 that the liver is four times greater than that of the ox, and 

 other parts also ; the spleen is small in proportion to its size. 



9. The stomach and intestines of oviparous quadrupeds 

 bear a similar proportion to each other, as in the land and 

 marine tortoise, the lizard, and both kinds of crocodiles, 1 

 and similar quadrupeds ; for they have one simple stomach, 

 in some it is like that of the hog, in others like that of the 

 dog. 



10. The class of serpents in almost every part of their 

 body resemble the saurians, which have feet, and are ovi- 

 parous, if we add to their length, and take away the feet ; 

 for snakes are covered with scales, and have their upper 

 and lower parts like saurians, except that they have no tes- 

 ticles, but, like fish, two passages united in one, and a 

 large and cloven uterus, but in other respects their in- 

 testines are so like those of saurians, except that from 

 their elongated figure their intestines are long and narrow, 

 that they might be mistaken for them, from their similarity. 



11. For the trachea is very long, and the oesophagus still 

 longer, and the commencement of the trachea is close to 

 the mouth, so that the tongue appears to lie beneath it. 

 The trachea appears to be above the tongue because this 

 last can be retracted, and is not always in one position, as 

 in other animals. Their tongue is long, thin, and black, 

 and can be put forth for some distance. The tongue of 

 serpents and saurians is distinct from that of all other 

 animals, for the extremity of the tongue is cloven ; this is 

 most remarkable in serpents, for the extremities of their 



1 Crocodilus niloticus and Lacerta stellio. 



