52 THE HISTOEY OF ANIMALS. [_B. III. 



hepatic veins there appear others a little less, which they 

 divide when any disease attacks the skin ; but the hepatic 

 and splenetic veins are divided for any disease in the neigh- 

 bourhood of the stomach. 



7. Other veins pass from these, beneath the breasts; 

 and there are other small ones, which proceed from each of 

 these through the spinal marrow to the testicles, and others 

 beneath the skin, through the flesh, reach the kidneys ; in 

 men they terminate upon the testicles, in women on the 

 uterus. The first veins from the stomach are wider, and 

 afterwards become smaller, until they pass over from the 

 right to the left, and from the left to the right ; these are 

 called the spermatic veins. The thickest blood is beneath 

 the flesh, but that which is in excess in these places be- 

 comes thin, and warm, and frothy." These are the opinions 

 of Syennesis and Diogenes. 



8. Polybus 1 writes thus : "There are four pair of veins, one 

 from the back of the head through the neck, on the outside, 

 near the spine on either side, as far as the thighs and the 

 legs, afterwards through the legs to the ancles, on the out- 

 side, and to the feet. Wherefore, in complaints of the back 

 and thigh, they divide the veins upon the poplitic region, or 

 ancles, on the outside. Another pair of veins pass from the 

 head, by the ears, through the neck, these are called the 

 jugular veins ; and others within, near the spine, lead by the 

 loins to the testicles and the thighs, and through the poplitic 

 region on the inside, and through the leg to the inner part 

 of the ancle, and the feet ; wherefore, in complaints of the 

 loins and testicles, they bleed in the poplitic region and ancles. 



9. tl The third pair of veins, from the temple through the 

 neck, and beneath the scapula, reach the lungs ; those from 

 the right to the left, under the breast, to the spleen and 

 kidneys ; and those from the left to the right side, from the 

 lungs, under the breast, and liver, and kidney ; and both 

 end beneath the testicles. The fourth pair from the forepart 

 of the head and the eyes, under the neck and collar-bones ; 

 from thence they extend through the humerus to the elbow, 

 and through the cubitus to the wrist and the fingers, and 

 through the lower part of the arm to the arm-pits, and the 



1 Polybus, a pupil of Hippocrates, a native of the island of Cos ; he 

 lived in the fourth century B.C. Many treatises on medical subjects are 

 attributed to him. 



