B. TII.J THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS. 59 



one suture, in a circle ; the male has three, meeting at the 

 top of the head, like a triangle ; and human skulls have been 

 seen without sutures. The head is not composed of four 

 bones, but of six ; two of these are placed above the ears, 

 and are small compared with the rest. 



3. From the head the jaw-bones descend. All other ani- 

 mals move the lower jaw, the river-crocodile alone moves 

 the upper jaw. In the jaws are the order of the teeth, which 

 are bony, in some parts they are perforated, in others they 

 are not. These are the only bones too hard to be engraved. 



4. From the spinal-column, which is the point of union, ori- 

 ginate the clavicles and ribs ; the breast also is placed upon 

 the ribs, and some of these are united, others are not, for 

 no animal has a bone round the stomach. There are also 

 the scapulae upon the shoulders, and these are conti- 

 nued upon the arms, and those again to the hands ; and 

 in all animals with fore legs the nature of the bone is 

 the same. 



5. At the extremity of the lower part of the spinal co- 

 lumn, and next to the hip, is the socket, and the bones 

 of the lower extremity, with those of the thigh and leg, 

 which are called the colenes. The ancles form a portion 

 of these, and the part called the spur in all creatures with 

 ancles. Continuous with these are the bones of the feet. 

 Viviparous animals with blood and feet do not differ much 

 in their bones, but rather by analogy, in hardness, softness, 

 and size. Again, some of the bones contain marrow, whilst 

 others, in the same animal, have none. 



6. Some animals do not appear to have any marrow at all 

 in their bones, as the lion, whose bones are very small and 

 slight : or there may be marrow in a few of its bones, as in 

 those of the thigh and fore leg ; otherwise, in the lion, the 

 bones are particularly solid, for they are sufficiently hard to 

 emit fire like stones on concussion. The dolphin also has 

 bones, but it has no spine, like fish. Some sanguineous ani- 

 mals differ partially from these, as the class of birds. In others, 

 as fish, the bones are only analogous, for viviparous fish have 

 a cartilaginous spine, like those which are called selachea ; 

 the oviparous fish have a spine, which is like the backbone 

 of quadrupeds. 



7. It is a peculiarity in fish that some species have small 



