B. TV.] THE HISTO11T OP ANIMALS. 89 



manifest organs of sense, except that some have a tongue. 

 All the testacea have this organ, which serves the double 

 purpose of tasting and drawing food into the mouth. 



3. In some of them this organ is soft ; in others very 

 strong, as in the purpura ; in the myops and oestrus this 

 member is strong, and in a great many more ; for this mem- 

 ber is used as a weapon by all those that have no caudal 

 sting. 



4. Those with this weapon have no small external teeth, 

 for flies draw blood by touching with this organ, and gnats 

 sting with it. Some insects also have stings, which are 

 either internal, as in bees and wasps, or external, as in the 

 scorpion. This last is the only insect that has a long tail ; 

 it has claws, and so has the little scorpion-like creature 1 

 found in books. The winged insects, in addition to other 

 parts, have wings. Some have two wings, as the flies ; 

 others four, as the bees ; none of the diptera have a caudal 

 Sting. Some of the winged insects have elytra on their 

 wings, as the melolontha ; and others no elytra, as the bee. 

 Insects do not direct their flight with their tail, and their 

 wings have neither shaft nor division. 



5. Some have a horn before their eyes, as the psych a3 2 and 

 carabi. Of the jumping insects, some have their hind-legs 

 larger ; others have the organs of jumping bent backwards, 

 like the legs of quadrupeds. In all, the upper part is dif- 

 ferent from the lower, like other animals. 



6. The flesh of their bodies is neither testaceous nor 

 like the internal parts of testacea, but between the two. 

 "Wherefore, also, they have neither spine nor bone, as the 

 sepia ; nor are they surrounded with a shell. For the body 

 is its own protection by its hardness, and requires no other 

 support; and they have a very thin skin. This is the 

 nature of their external parts. 



7. Internally, immediately after the mouth, there is an 

 intestine which in most insects passes straight and simply 

 to the anus, in a few it is convoluted ; these have no bones 

 nor fat, neither has any other exsanguineous animal. Some 

 have a stomach, and from this the remainder of the intes- 

 tine is either simple or convoluted, as in the acris. 3 The 



1 Phalangium Cancroides. Linn. Schneider. 



2 Butterfly. 3 Locust. 



