90 THE HISTOET OF ANIMALS^ f B. IV. 



tettix (grasshopper) alone of this, or any other class of 

 living creatures, has no mouth ; but, like those with a caudal 

 sting, it has the appearance of a tongue, long, continuous, 

 and undivided, and with this it feeds upon the dew alone. 

 There is no excrement in the stomach. There are many 

 kinds of these creatures, they differ in being greater or less ; 

 those called achetae are divided beneath the diaphragm, and 

 have a conspicuous membrane, which the tettigonia has not. 

 8. There are many other creatures in the sea which it is 

 not possible to arrange in any class from their scarcity. 

 "For some experienced fishermen say they have seen in the sea 

 creatures like small beams, black and round, and of the same 

 thickness throughout ; others like shields, of a red colour, 

 with many fins ; others 1 like the human penis in appearance 

 and size, but instead of testicles they had two fins, and that 

 such have been taken on the extremity of grappling irons. 

 This is the nature of the internal and external parts of all 

 animals of every kind, both those which are peculiar to cer- 

 tain species, and -those which are common to all. 



CHAPTEE VIII. 



1. WE must now treat of the Senses : for they are not alike 

 in all, but some have all the senses, and some fewer. They 

 are mostly five in number ; seeing, hearing, smelling, 

 taste, touch, and besides these there are none peculiar to 

 any creatures. Man, then, and all viviparous animals with 

 feet, besides all sanguineous and viviparous animals, have all 

 these, unless they are undeveloped in any particular kind, 

 as in the mole. 



2. For this creature has no sight, it has no apparent eyes, 

 but when the thick skin which surrounds the head is taken 

 away, in the place where the eyes ought to be on the out- 

 side, are the undeveloped internal eyes, which have all the 

 parts of true eyes, for they have both the iris of the eye, 

 and within the iris the part called the pupil, and the 

 white ; but all these are less than in true eyes. On the 

 outside there is no appearance of these parts, from the 

 thickness of the skin, as if the nature of the eye had been 

 destroyed at birth ; for there are two sinewy and strong 

 passages proceeding from the brain, where it unites with 

 1 Perhaps Pennatula, 



