$4 THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS. [B. IV. 



all prefer the same food, as the bee approaches nothing that 

 is putrid, only sweet things ; the gnat not what is sweet, 

 but what is acid. 



17. As I before observed, the sense of touch belongs to 

 all animals. The testacea have the senses of smelling and 

 tasting. This is plain from the baits used, as those for the 

 purpurae ; for this creature is caught with putrid substances, 

 and will be attracted from a great distance to such baits, 

 as if by the sense of smell. It is evident from what follows 

 that they possess the sense of taste ; for whatever they 

 select by smell, they all love to taste. 



18. And all animals with mouths receive pain or 

 pleasure from the contact of food. But, concerning the 

 senses of sight and hearing, it is not possible to say anything 

 certain, or very distinct ; the solens, if a person touch them, 

 appear to retract themselves, and try to escape when they 

 see an instrument approaching them, for a small portion of 

 them is beyond the shell, the remainder as it were in a retreat ; 

 the pectens. also, if a finger is brought near them, open and 

 shut themselves as if they could see. 



19. Those who seek for neritae do not approach them with 

 the wind, when they seek them for baits, nor do they speak, 

 but come silently, as if the creatures could both smell and 

 hear ; they say that if they speak, they get away. Of all testacea, 

 the echinus appears to have the best sense of smell amongst 

 those that can move, and the tethya and balanus in those 

 that are fixed. This is the nature of the organs of sense in 

 all animals. 



CHAPTER IX. 



1. THE following is the nature of the voice of animals, 

 for there is a distinction between voice and sound. Speech, 

 again, is different from these. Voice is due to no other part 

 except the pharynx, the creatures, therefore, without 

 lungs are also without voice. Speech is the direction of the 

 voice by the tongue ; the vowels are uttered by the voice 

 and the larynx, the mutes by the tongue and the lips ; speech 

 is made up of these : wherefore, no animals can speak that 

 have not a tongue, nor if their tongue is confined. 



2. The power of uttering a sound is connected with other 

 parts also ; insects have neither voice nor speech, but make 



