SI3 THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS. [B. IV. 



utter a sound, though it is a weak one. Some of them hiss 

 like serpents ; others have a small weak voice, others, as tho 

 tor.toise, utter a small hiss. The tongue of the frog is pe- 

 culiar, for the fore-part of it is fixed, like that of a fish ; but 

 the part near the pharynx is free and folded up. "With this it 

 utters its peculiar sound. The male frogs make a croaking 

 in the, water when they invite the females to coition. 



6. All animals utter a voice to invite the society and proxi- 

 mity of their kind, as the hog, the goat, and the sheep. The 

 frog croaks by making its lower jaw of equal length, and 

 stretching the upper one above the water. Their eyes ap- 

 pear like lights, their cheeks being swelled out with the 

 vehemence of their croaking ; for their copulation is gene- 

 rally performed in the night. The class of birds utter a 

 voice: those which have a moderately wide tongue have the 

 best voice ; those also in which the tongue is thin. In 

 some kinds both male and female have the same voice ; in 

 others it is different : the smaller kinds have more variety 

 in their voice, and make more use of it, than the larger 

 tribes. 



7. All birds become more noisy at the season of coition. 

 Some utter a cry when they are fighting, as the quail ; others 

 when they are going to fight, as the partridge ; or when they 

 have obtained a victory, as the cock. In some kinds both 

 male and female sing, as the nightingale ; but the female 

 nightingale does not sing while she is sitting or feeding her 

 young : in some the males alone, as the quail and the cock ; 

 the female has no voice. Viviparous quadrupeds utter dif- 

 ferent voices ; none can speak for this is the characteristic 

 of man, for all that have a language have a voice, but not 

 all that have a voice have also a language. 



8. All that are born dumb, and all children, utter sounds, 

 but have no language ; for, as children are not complete in 

 their other parts, so their tongue is not perfect at first ; it 

 becomes more free afterwards, so that they stammer and 

 lisp. Both voices and language differ in different places. 



9. The voice is most conspicuous in its acuteness or depth, 

 but the form does not differ in the same species of animals ; 

 the mode of articulation differs, and this might be called 

 speech, for it differs in different animals, arid in the same 

 genera in different places, as among partridges, for in some 



