B. V.] THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS. 103 



which is performed in the same manner as in those that 

 stand oil their feet, the abdomen of the male being placed 

 upon the back of the female : in the hedgehogs, the abdo- 

 mens of both sexes are in contact. 



3. Among the large animals, the roe-deer seldom admits 

 the stag, nor the cow the bull, on account of the hardness 

 of the penis ; but the female receives the male by sub- 

 mission. This has been observed to take place in tame 

 deer. The male and female wolf copulate like dogs. Gats 

 do not approach each other backwards, but the male stands 

 erect, and the female places herself beneath him. The fe- 

 males are very lascivious, and invite the male, and make a 

 noise during the intercourse. 



4. Camels copulate as the female is lying down, and the 

 male embraces and unites with her, not backwards, but like 

 other animals. They remain in intercourse a whole day. 

 They retire into a desert place, and suffer no one to ap- 

 proach them but their feeder. The penis of the camel is so 

 strong, that bowstrings are made of it. Elephants also 

 retire into desert places for intercourse, especially by the 

 sides of rivers which they usually frequent. The female 

 bends down and divides her legs, and the male mounts upon 

 her. The seal copulates like retromingent animals, and is a 

 long while about it, like dogs. The males have a large penis. 



CHAPTER III. 



1. OVIPAROUS quarupeds with feet copulate in the same 

 manner : in some, the male mounts upon the female, like 

 viviparous animals, as in the marine and land turtle, for 

 they have an intromittent organ by which they adhere toge- 

 ther, as the trygon and frog, and all such animals. 



2. But the apodous long animals, as serpents and mu- 

 ra3nse, are folded together, with the abdomens opposite, and 

 serpents roll themselves together so closely, that they seem 

 to be but one serpent with two heads. The manner of the 

 whole race of saurians is the same, for they unite together 

 in the same kind of fold. 



CHAPTER IV. 



1. ALL fish, except the flat selache, perform the act of 

 intercourse by approaching each other with their abdomens 



