B. V.] THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS. 123 



or stones ; and the fishermen are careful to place branches 

 of trees in the water. Upon these they deposit their long 

 and united ova like branches of fruit. 



7. The ova are deposited and produced by repeated 

 exertion, as if the parturition were accompanied with pain. 

 The teuthis oviposits in the sea. The ova, like those 

 of the sepia, are united together. Both the teuthus and 

 sepia are short-lived, for very few of them survive a year. 

 The same is the case with the polypus. Each egg produces 

 one small sepia, and so also in the teuthis. The male teuthus 

 differs from the female ; for if the hair (branchia) are drawn 

 aside, the female will be seen to have two red substances 

 like mammae, which the male does not possess. The sepia 

 also has the same sexual distinction, and is more variegated 

 than the female, as I observed before. 



CHAPTER XVII. 



1. IT has already been observed that the male insects are 

 less than the female, and that the male mounts upon the 

 female ; and the manner of their sexual intercourse has been 

 described, and the difficulty of separating them. Most ol 

 them produce their young very soon after sexual intercourse. 

 All the kinds except some psychaB (butterflies and moths) 

 produce worms. These produce a hard substance, like the 

 seed of the cnecus, 1 which is fluid within. Prom the worm 

 an animal is produced, but not from a portion of it, as if it 

 were an ovum, but the whole grows and becomes an articu- 

 lated animal. 



2. Some of them are produced from similar animals, as 

 phalangia and spiders from phalangia and spiders, and atte- 

 labi, 2 locusts, and grasshoppers. Others do not originate in 

 animals of the same species, but their production is sponta- 

 neous, for some of them spring from the dew which falls 

 upon plants. The origin of these is naturally in the spring, 

 though they often appear in the winter, if fine weather and 

 south winds occur for any length of time. Some originate 

 in rotten mud and dung ; and others in the fresh wood ot 

 plants or in dry wood ; others among the hair of animals, or 

 in their flesh, or excrements, whether ejected, or still exist- 

 ing in the body, as those which are called helminthes. 



1 Cantharus tinctorius, a plant of the thistle kind. L. and S. 



2 The larva of some species. 



