B. Till.] THE HISTOEY OF ANIMALS. 199 



with their double claw, as the crabs do. "When not fright- 

 ened they naturally walk forwards, hanging their horns down 

 at their sides. When alarmed they retreat backwards, and 

 extend their horns to a great distance. They fight with 

 each other like rams with their horns, raising them and 

 striking each other. They are often seen in numbers as if 

 they were gregarious. 



7. The malacostraca lead this kind of life. Among the 

 malacia the teuthis and sepia prevail over the large fish. 

 The polypus generally collects shells which it empties of 

 their contents and feeds upon them, so that those who 

 seek for them find their holes by the shells that are scat- 

 tered about. The report that they eat each other is a 

 mistake ; but some have the tentacula eaten off by the 

 congers. 



CHAPTEB IV. 



1. ALL fish at the season of oviposition live upon ova ; 

 in the rest of their food they are not all so well agreed, for 

 some of them are only carnivorous, as the selachos, conger, 

 channa, thynnus, labrax, sinodon, amia, orphus, and niu- 

 Tsena ; the trigla lives upon fuci, shell-fish, and mud ; it is 

 also carnivorous. The cephalus lives on mud, the dascillus 

 on mud and dung. The scarus and melanurus on sea- weed, 

 the sal pa on dung and fuci, it will also eat the plant called 

 horehound ; it is the only fish that can be caught with the 

 gourd. 



2. All fish, except the cestreus, eat one another, especially 

 the congers. The cephalus and the cestreus alone are not 

 carnivorous. This is a proof of it. They are never cap- 

 tured with anything of the kind in their stomach, nor are 

 they captured with a bait made of flesh, but with bread ; 

 the cestreus is always fed upon sea-weed and sand. One 

 kind of cephalus which some persons call chelone lives near 

 the land, another is called peraas. This last feeds upon 

 nothing but its own mucus, for which reason it is always 

 very poor. The cephalus lives upon mud, wherefore they 

 are heavy and slimy. They certainly never eat fish, on 

 account of their dwelling in mud; they often emerge 

 in order to wash themselves from the slime. Neither will 

 any creature eat their ova, so that they increase rapidly, 



