196 EVOLUTION 



of man upon the earth, we find that at first he must have been 

 Uttle better than one of the lower animals. He was a nomad, 

 wandering from place to place, feeding upon whatever living things 

 he could kill with, his hands. Gradually he must have learned to 

 use weapons, and thus kill his prey, first using rough stone im- 

 plements for this purpose. As man became more civilized, im- 

 plements of bronze and of iron were used. About this time the 

 subjugation and domestication of animals began to take place. 

 Man then began to cultivate the fields, and to have a fixed place 

 of abode other than a cave. The beginnings of civilization were 

 long ago, but even to-day the earth is not entirely civilized. 



The Races of Man. — At the present time there exist upon the 

 earth five races or varieties of man, each very different from the 

 other in instincts, social customs, and, to an extent, in structure. 

 These are the Ethiopian or negro type, originating in Africa ; the 

 Malay or brown race, from the islands of the Pacific ; the Amer- 

 ican Indian ; the Mongolian or yellow race, including the natives 

 of China, Japan, and the Eskimos ; and finally, the highest type 

 of all, the Caucasians, represented by the civilized white in- 

 habitants of Europe and America. 



Reference Books 

 elementary 



Hunter, Laboratory Problems in Civic Biology, American Book Company. 



Bulletin of U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Biological Survey, Nos. 1, 



6, 13, 17. 

 Davison, Practical Zoology. American Book Company. 



Ditmars, The Reptiles of New York. Guide Leaflet 20. Amer. Mus. of Nat. History. 

 Sharpe, A Laboratory Manual in Biology, pp. 140-150, American Book Company. 

 Walker, Our Birds and Their Nestlings. American Book Company. 

 Walter, H. E. and H. A., Wild Birds in City Parks. Published by authors. 



ADVANCED 



Apgar, Birds of the United States. American Book Company. 



Beebe, The Bird. Henry Holt and Company. 



Ditmars, The Reptile Book. Doubleday, Page and Company. 



Hegner, Zoology. The Macmillan Company. 



Hornaday, American Natural History. 



Jordan and Evermann, Food and Game Fishes. Doubleday, Page and Company. 



Parker and Haswell, Textbook of Zoology. The Macmillan Company. 



Riverside Natural History. Houghton, Mifflin and Company. 



Weed and Dearborn, Relation of Birds to Man. Lippincott. 



