APPENDIX 413 



Second week. Study of the Paramecium. Study of a hay infusion to show how 

 environment reacts upon animals. Relation to environment. Study of 

 cell under microscope to show reactions. Structure of cell. Response to 

 stimuli, function of cilia, gullet, nucleus, contractile vacuoles, food vacuoles, 

 asexual reproduction. Drawings to show how locomotion is performed, 

 general structure. Copy chart for fine structure. 



Third week. A Bird's-eye View of the Animal Kingdom. One day. Develop- 

 ment of a multicellular organism. (Use models.) One day. Physiological 

 division of labor. Tissues, organs. Functions common to all animals. 

 Illustrative material. Optional trip to museum for use of illustrative 

 material to illustrate the principal characteristics of (a) a simple metazoan, 

 sponge, or hydrazoan, (6) a segmented worm, (c) a crustacean (Decapod), 

 (d) an insect, (e) a moUusk and echinoderm, (/) vertebrates. (Differences 

 between vertebrates and invertebrates.) The characteristics of the verte- 

 brates. Distinguish between fishes, amphibia, reptiles, birds, mammals. 

 Two days for discussion. Man's place in the animal series, elementary dis- 

 cussion of what evolution means. 



Fourth week. The Economic Importance of Animals. Uses of animals : 



(1) As food. Directly : fish, shellfish, birds, domesticated mammals. 



(2) Indirectly as food : protozoa, Crustacea. (3) They destroy harmful 

 animals and plants. Snakes — birds; birds — insects; birds — weed seeds; 

 herbivorous animals — weeds. (4) Furnish clothing, etc. Pearl buttons, 

 etc. (5) Animal industries, silkworm culture, etc. (6) Domesticated 

 animals. 



Animals do harm: (1) To gardens. (2) To crops. (3) To stored food; 

 examples, rats, insects, etc. (4) To forest and shade trees. (5) To human 

 life. Disease: parasitism and its results, — examples, from worms, etc. ; dis- 

 ease carriers fly, etc. Preventive measures. Methods of extermination. 



References to Toothaker's Commercial Raw Materials. Use one day for 

 laboratory work from references. 



Fifth week. The Study of a Water-breathing Vertebrate. Two days. 

 The fish, adaptations in body, fins, for food getting, for breathing. Struc- 

 ture of gills shown. Laboratory demonstration to show how water gets to 

 the gills. Drawings. Outline of fish, gills. Required trip to aquarium. 

 Object, to see fish in environment. One day. Home work at market. 

 Why are some fish more expensive than others. Economic importance of 

 fish. Relation of habits of (a) food getting, (b) spawning to catching and 

 extermination of fish. Two days. Means of preventing overfishing, stock- 

 ing, fishing laws, artificial fertilization of eggs, methods. Development of 

 fish egg. Comparison with that of frog and bird. 



Sixth week. The Factors underlying Plant and Animal Breeding. Study 

 of pupils in class to show heredity and variation. Conclusion. Animals 

 tend to vary and to be like their ancestors. Heredity, role of sex cells, 

 chromosomes. Principles of plant breeding. Selective planting, hybridiz- 

 ing, work of Darwin, Mendel, De Vries, and Burbank. Methods and results. 

 Animal breeding, examples given, results. Improvement of man: (1) by 

 control of environment, (a) example of clean-up campaign, 1913 ; (2) by con- 

 trol of individual, personal hygiene, and control of heredity. Eugenics. 

 Examples from Davenport, Goddard, etc. 



