CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATA 



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Podicipes. Cosmopolitan, excluding Arctic and Antarctic. 

 Centropelma. Titicaca lake ; flightless. 



3. Order Sphenisciformes. Nidicolous, marine; flight- 

 less, wings transformed into rowing paddles. 



SPHENISCI. Coasts of antarctic and southern temperate 

 countries, and Galapagos. 



Tahieeudyptes. Oligocene, New Zealand. 

 Palaeospheniscus. Eocene, Patagonia. 

 Spheniscus, Eudyptes, and Aptenodytes. 



4. Order Procellariiformes. Well -flying, pelagic, nidi- 

 colous ; hallux absent or vestigial. Khamphotheca compound. 

 Cosmopolitan. 



Sub-order PROCELLARIAE & TUBINARES. Diomedea, 

 Oceanites. 



Procellaria, Puflinus, Prion, etc. Oceanites. 



5. Order Ciconiiformes. Swimmers or waders ; desmo- 

 gnathous, without basipterygoid processes. With one pair of 

 sternotracheal muscles. 



1. Sub -order STEGANOPODES, Illiger. Well -flying, 

 aquatic, nidicolous, with all the four toes webbed together. 

 Cosmopolitan. 



Phaetontidae. Phaeton. 



Sididae. Sula, since Miocene. 



Phalacrocoracidae. Phalacrocorax, since Miocene ; Plotus. 



Fregatidae. Fregata, Tachypetes. 



Pelecanidoe. Since Miocene.. 



Pelagornis, Miocene, France; Argillornis, Eocene, England. 



Odontopteryx toliapicus. Eocene, England. 



2. Sub-order AEDEAE, Wagler. Piscivorous, nidicolous 

 waders, with complicated hypotarsus, and with long cervical 

 apteria. Cosmopolitan. 



Ardeidae. Ardea, since Miocene ; Cancroma, Balaeniceps. 

 Scopidae. Scopus Afra. 



Proherodius. Eocene, England. 



3. Sub-order CICONIAE. Carnivorous, nidicolous waders, 

 with simple hypotarsus, and with cervical apteria. Cosmopolitan. 



Ciconiidae. Ciconia, Abdimia,. Leptoptilus, etc. 

 Ibidae. Ibis, Platalea. 

 Propelargus. Oligocene. 



