480 LONG B ARROWS. 



have known long barrows, however, to occur without a chamber 

 where suitable stone for making one was abundant, as for instance 

 on Kepwick Moor [No. ccxxvii] and Raiset Pike [No. ccxxviii], 

 where in the former instance the burials were by inhumation and 

 in the latter after cremation. In the same way the round barrows 

 of a later time, situated in districts where large slabs of stone well 

 adapted for making cists are abundant, are frequently found to 

 have the interments within them placed in the mound without any 

 such protection. 



Before entering upon a specific description of the long barrows I 

 have opened, it will be necessary to mention another way in which 

 these sepulchral mounds in Yorkshire differ, and that very mate- 

 rially, from those in the south-west of England. In the latter 

 the long barrows have been found to contain, in almost every 

 instance, bodies which have not been subjected to burning, whilst 

 in Yorkshire, in every case except one, they have been, in a greater 

 or less degree, submitted to the action of fire. In the long barrows 

 of Caithness, as well as in those round ones there which may be 

 supposed to be contemporaneous, burial by inhumation and after 

 cremation seems to have been indifferently practised. Nor does the 

 evidence show that the one mode was earlier than the other. 



It has already been stated that long barrows exist in Caithness 1 . 

 They agree with those in England in being, as a rule, placed ap- 

 proximately east and west, also in having one end, and that the east, 

 broader and higher than the other, as well as in other particulars. 

 They are also frequently provided with walls, which enclose and 

 support them, and have sometimes the peculiarity of having what 

 have been termed ' horns.' These are formed by the enclosing walls 



having a gallery or other entrance leading or opening into it, by means of which it was 

 intended that access might be had from time to time for burial or for other purposes, 

 it would be best always to call a chamber. The other, which is closed in on all sides, 

 a stone box in fact, and which, when once the body or bodies for whose reception it 

 was constructed were placed within it, was not meant to be again opened, should 

 always be called a cist. The two different receptacles are found to arrange themselves 

 co-ordinately with the two classes of barrows which may be attributed to an earlier 

 and later period in ante-historic times, not only in Britain but in Scandinavia, 

 Germany, Holland, France, and other countries of Europe. The chamber is charac- 

 teristic of the long barrow and of some of the round barrows which, like the long 

 barrows, appear to belong to a time antecedent to a knowledge of metal ; whilst the 

 cist is characteristic of the later round barrows, in which very frequently articles of 

 bronze are found associated with the interments, and which, if they do not belong 

 exclusively to a period after the introduction of metal, are the burial-places of a time 

 not long previous to its use. 



1 See papers by Mr. Joseph Anderson, Proc. Soc. of Ant. of Scotland, vol. vi, p. 442, 

 vol. vii. p. 480; Memoirs of Anthrop. Soc. of London, vol. ii. p. 226. 



