DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES OF SKULLS. 



ELEVEN skulls and two calvariae from thirteen barrows examined 

 by Canon Greenwell have been selected for description by myself, 

 and drawn and engraved by Mr. W. H. Wesley. Four of the 

 skulls and both the calvariae are of the dolicho-cephalic, and the 

 remaining seven of the brachy- cephalic type. Four views have 

 been given of each of the eleven skulls ; the incomplete state of the 

 two calvarise rendered it useless to attempt to give more than two 

 views of each of them. The four views given are the profile view, 

 the so-called norma later alls ; the view from above, the norma verti- 

 calis; the view from in front, the norma frontalis ; and the view 

 from behind, the norma occipitalis. Views have not been given of 

 the norma basalis, the base of the skulls having very ordinarily 

 suffered so much posthumous injury as greatly to impair the value 

 of such a view of them. 



Each skull has been drawn in the position most commonly 

 adopted by craniographers, in which a vertical line drawn from the 

 centre of the auditory meatus passes through the plane of the junction 

 of the coronal and sagittal sutures 1 . The horizontal plane obtained by 

 drawing a line from the centre of the auditory meatus at right angles 

 to this vertical line will pass at a slightly variable distance above 

 the floor of the nostrils, and will be found ordinarily, though not in- 

 variably, to be parallel with the horizontal plane which would be 

 obtained from a consideration of the visual axis, or from the direc- 

 tion of the fronto-ethmoidal suture as proposed by Professor Good- 

 sir 2 , or from a horizontal surface touching the skull at its occipital 



1 For the most recent Memoir which has appeared upon the question of the true 

 horizontal plane of the human skull, see Archiv fur Anthropologie, Bd. ix. 1876. 

 Die horizontal Ebene des menschlichlen Schadels, von Dr. Schmidt in Essen. To the 

 extensive bibliography there given should be added a reference to Professor Busk's 

 Address to the Anthropological Institute, January 1874 (given in Journal of Institute, 

 vol. iii. p. 522), where especial reference is made to Dr. von Ihering's views upon the 

 subject which have been put forward by him in the Archiv fur Anthropologie, vol. v. 

 1872, and the Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, 1873. See also Aeby, Archiv fur Anthro- 

 pologie, vol. vi. p. 295, 1874 ; Gosse, Deformations artificielles du Crane, pp. 7, 59. 

 1855. In brachycephalic skulls with vertical foreheads the true vertical line often falls 

 a little way behind the coronal sviture. 



2 Memoirs, 1868, vol. i. p. 247. 



