560 DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES OF SKULLS. 



condyles and at the posterior border of its occipital foramen, as 

 proposed by Professor Cleland l . 



The principal measurements taken have been : 



I. Measurements of Calvaria. 



Extreme length. 

 Fronto-inial length. 

 Extreme breadth. 

 Vertical height. 

 Absolute height. 

 Basi-cranial axis. 

 Circumference. 



Cubical capacity. 

 Frontal arc. 

 Parietal arc. 

 Occipital arc. 

 Minimum frontal width. 

 Maximum frontal width. 

 Maximum occipital width. 



II. Measurements of Face. 



Length of face : ' naso-alveolar ' line. 



Breadth of face : interzygomatic line. 



' Basio-subnasal ' line 2 . 



' Basio-alveolar ' line. 



Height of orbit. 



Width of orbit. 



Length of nose. 



Width of nose. 



Lower jaw, interangular diameter. 



Lower jaw, depth at symphysis. 



Lower jaw, width of ramus. 



III. Indices. 



Length -breadth index : * cephalic index/ 

 Antero-posterior index. 



Where any of these measurements have been omitted, it will be 

 understood that the damaged condition of the skull prevented them 

 from being taken. 



It will be well, as some differences exist in the practice of cranio- 

 graphers as to the exact points whence their measurements are 

 taken, to specify, in cases where such differences have existed, what 

 the points are whence and to which the measurements given in 

 the subjoined descriptions have been taken. 



The ' extreme length ' has been taken neither from the fronto- 

 nasal suture, as Professor Virchow takes it 3 , nor from the 'gla- 

 bella ' strictly so called, i. e. from the interspace separating or con- 

 necting, as the case may be, the two supraciliary ridges, but from a 

 spot immediately above that area just, in fact, where the upper 

 part of the frontal begins to rise into it. This appears to be the 

 most reasonable spot to take for an antero-posterior measurement 

 of the brain-case, as the applied arm of the compasses comes there 



1 See Phil. Trans., vol. clx. p. 121, 1870. 



2 For explanation of the words 'Basio-subnasal' and ' Basio-alveolar' see p. $84 infra. 



3 Archiv f iir Anthropologie, vol. iv. p. 59, 1870. 



