584 DESCRIPTION OF FIGUKES OF SKULLS. 



and the one which is described at pages 590-594, viz. 'Rudstone, Ixiii. 

 9.' The relations between the basi-cranial axis, the basio-subnasal 

 line, and the basio-alveolar respectively, as well as the verticality of 

 the pterygoids, show that this skull is essentially orthognathous, as 

 His and Riitimeyer in treating of skulls of a similar type, viz. 

 their 'Disentis 5 type, say (Crania Helvetica, p. 27) all pre-historic 

 skulls of widely-spread races have been. The comparative lowness 

 therefore of the facial angles, 65 and 61, as obtained by M. Broca's 

 goniometer, is to be ascribed to the slope of the forehead, not 

 to any thrusting forward of the jaws ; and the slope of the forehead 

 is to be viewed as correlated with the powerfully developed and 

 heavy lower jaw, the downward gravitation x of which has been 

 counterbalanced by a backward rotation of the brain and its con- 

 taining case. The fronto-inial and fronto-postremal diameters are 

 identical, so are the maximum height and the maximum width ; 

 the point for the latter measurement lies low down on the parietal 

 bones, on a level with the posterior superior angle of the squamous 

 part of the temporal bone, and in a plane which would touch the 

 anterior edge of the faintly marked tubera parietalia. There is 

 a considerable downgrowth of the occipital condyles, as is often 

 observed to be the case in skulls with heavy lower jaws, especially in 

 the later half of life ; the skull however is supported by the con- 

 ceptacula cerebelli and the grinding edge' of the molar teeth when 

 it is placed upon a flat surface without its lower jaw. The extent 

 of its cranial curvature is spoken to by this last fact, as also by the 

 lowness of its basilar angle, 14, as obtained by the occipital gonio- 

 meter of Prof. Broca. In the occipital and vertical normce this 

 skull shows the rounded outlines characteristic of well-filled skulls. 

 In the latter of these normce it shows the characteristic proportions, 

 and in the norma lateralis the characteristic contour of the brachy- 

 cephalic skull. The lower jaw, with its great width, flanged-out 

 angles, and prominent bifid mentum, shows that its owner was a man 

 of considerable strength. The teeth are comparatively small, and 

 not as much worn as the teeth are usually in skulls of individuals 

 of this period and the age of this subject. The cranial sutures, 

 especially the sagittal, have undergone extensive obliteration. 



This skull has been figured and described by the Rev. W. Green- 

 well, M.A. and D. Embleton, M.D., in the Natural History 

 Transactions of Northumberland and Durham, Tyneside Field Club, 

 vol. i. pi. xiii. 



1 See Cleland, Phil. Trans., 1870, pp. 136, 163. 



