640 GENERAL REMARKS 



contrast with the ' tapei no -cephalic l ' or ' low-lying 1 ' heads of at 

 least the female descendants of the long-barrow people who were still 

 living amongst them. It puts these skulls into a similar position 

 of contrast when compared with most of those of the dark-haired 

 brachy-cephalic stocks now existing in Europe ; and, taken together 

 with their much larger cubical capacity, with the greater stature, 

 and with the different complexion of their owners, it shows us 

 that we have to deal, if not with two exceedingly different races 

 of men, at least with two exceedingly different sets of individual 

 men 2 . But we must never lose sight of the fact that in dealing 

 with a series of skulls from these prehistoric barrows we are all 

 but certainly dealing with the skulls of a set of individuals from 

 the upper classes of times when members of those classes were, 

 as are the chiefs of many modern savage races, from the operation 

 of one or both of two causes, larger and more powerful, and pro 

 tanto 3 larger-brained men than were the mass of the population. 



1 For the use of this word see Professor Busk, Journ. Ethn. Soc. Lond. vol. ii. 

 pp. 467, 468, where it is suggested that tapeino-cephaly may indicate lowness of type 

 among ancient as it does among the modern Bushmen and Tasmanian races. 



2 The average cubical capacity of the ancient British brachy-cephali, as given by 

 Dr. Thurnam, is 98 cub. in., as against 94 cub. in. for modern English skulls; as 

 against 80 cub. in. ( = 1323 cub. cent.) obtained by Dr. A. Sasse for a series of 

 probably comparatively recent brachy-cephalic skulls, with an index of *85, from 

 South Beveland, Archiv f iir Anth. vi. p. 76, 1873 ; as against an average of about 

 90 cub. in. ( = 1480 cub. cent.) for the modern Parisian skull, with an index of 

 about *79 ; as against an average of 83 cub. in. ( = 1377 cub. cent.) for the Disentis 

 type of His and Riitimeyer, with an index of -86, which includes most of the 

 modern inhabitants of Switzerland, together with some skulls of Roman, if not of 

 earlier times ; as against an average of 89 cub. in. ( = 1478) for the modern Rouman- 

 ians, with an index of '82 ; as against an average of 92 cub. in. ( = 1521 cub. cent.) for 

 the modern German (Weisbach) ; and as against an average of 80 cub. in. for modern 

 Red Indians. Herr Holder, in his earlier paper, Arch, f iir Anth. ii. p. 55, 1867, gave 

 for his ' Ligurian ' type, with a cephalic index of from '84 to '90, a cubic capacity 

 varying from 79 cub. in. ( = 1300 cub. cent.) to 97 cub. in. ( = 1600 cub. cent.). In his 

 monograph published last year the two types ' Turanian ' and * Sarmatian/ into which 

 the single form ' Ligurian ' is divided, are both said to have their height less than 

 their breadth. 



3 One of these causes was no doubt their possession of a greater command of the 

 material comforts of life ; the other was the necessity which a wild tribe under a 

 severe struggle for existence had for putting itself under the guidance of the ablest 

 men it could find. A statement as to the operation of the first of these verce caussce 

 is given us by Bastian, Ethnologische Forschungen, i. 335, on the authority of Logan as 

 to Scotland, to the following effect : ' The common Highlanders from hard and often 

 scanty fare are usually inferior in stature to the chiefs and better sort/ A statement 

 as to the operation of the second as to Africa is given us by Mr. F. Galton in his 

 * Hereditary Genius,' p. 339, 1869, in the following words : ( A native chief has as 

 good an education in the art of ruling men as can be desired ; he is continually exer- 

 cised in personal government, and usually maintains his place by the ascendancy 

 of his character shown every day over his subjects and rivals.' Professor Daniel 

 Wilson says (Canadian Journal, March, 1863, p. 151) : ' I assume the unimpaired 



