UPON THE SERIES OP PREHISTORIC CRANIA. 647 



A fourth general observation would arise out of such an inspec- 

 tion of these three series of crania to the effect that, though in each 



in ihrem ganz physischen Habitus anders geartet sind, als jene es wahrscheinlich waren. 

 Waren jene hochgewachsen vorberrschend blond, so sind diese gedrungener, dunkler 

 von Haar und Augen/ Virchow, who bas repeatedly expressed bimself to tbe effect 

 that bracby-cephaly is a higher form of skull than dolicho-cephaly (see Arch, fur 

 Anth. v. 4, 1872, p. 536, where Calori is quoted to the same effect as regards tbe 

 Italians ; or, Zeitscbrift f iir Ethnologic, iv. 2, p. 36, where Cortese is similarly cited 

 as to the smaller size and stature of modern Italian dolicho-cephali ; or, Sammlung, 

 ix. 193, 1874, p. 45), would appear, from his saying, Arch, fur Anth., 1. c. p. 540, that 

 the broadening which the dolicho-cepbalic modern German skulls of which Herr 

 Holder writes have attained to as compared with the ancient dolicho-cephali may 

 bring them within the limits of brachy-cephaly by measurement, to neglect the 

 difference which Professor Cleland (Phil. Trans. 1. c. p. 146) has so well insisted upon as 

 existing between dolicho-cephaly of type and contour as opposed to that constituted by 

 mere measurement of the single relation of breadth to the length, and that too 

 irrespectively of the height. Herr Holder appears to have proved that the Germanic 

 type as ordinarily understood has the larger and better developed brain, at all events in 

 the parts of Germany known to him (see his Memoirs, Archiv fur Anthropologie, ii. 

 pp. 53-55, and Zusammenstellung der in Wurttemberg vorkommenden Schadelformen, 

 1876, and the discussion at the meeting of the German Association for Anthropology 

 held in Stuttgart in August 1872, reported in the Arch, f iir Anth. v. p. 539). His 

 words in the Report just quoted are, ' In Wiirtemberg finden sich aber unter den seit 

 Generationen geistig beschaftigten Standen viel mehr dolichocephale Forrnen als 

 unter den Handarbeitern/ The facts, so far as I can collect them as regards Germany, 

 appear to me to be that the genuine Teutonic type, as we know it from undoubtedly 

 Anglo-Saxon, and from Frankish skulls, has, in the course of centuries (some of which 

 have been times of culture, and all of which may have been times admittedly of 

 crossing with a brachy-cephalic stock), intermediate in archaeological date between the 

 Reihen-Graber period and the earliest graves, become relatively somewhat broader, 

 but without losing its primitive contour. Throughout Germany however there exists 

 a brachy-cephalic stock, usually but by no means always, darker haired and of shorter 

 stature and of less cranial capacity than the typically dolicho-cephalic variety ; and 

 this stock, whatever its other disadvantages, has at all events a numerical preponder- 

 ance in South Germany (see Huschke, 1. c. p. 98; Virchow, Beitrage, 1876, p. 6j 

 Huxley, in Prehistoric Remains of Caithness, p. 108). Persons who will verify the 

 references I have given will find that a good deal of other than purely scientific 

 interest has come to attach itself to this discussion. Professor Broca's views as to the 

 superiority of the brachy-cephalic type appear to coincide with Professor Virchow's. 

 They may be found in his < Memoires/ vol. i. 1871, p. 342, and Bull. Soc. Anth. de Paris, 

 Tom. vii. Ser. iii. Fasc. v. Dec. 5, 1872. Dr. Holder's last summing up of the question, 

 Zusammenstellung, pp. 34, 35, runs thus : 



' Die Bewohner des heutigen Europa sind em buntes Gernisch der oben angef iihrten 

 4 Rassen zu 2, 3 oder 4, und nur von dem Vorherrschen der einen oder anderen dieser 

 Elemente hangen die Eigenthiimlichkeiten der verschiedenen Nationen ab. Nur in 

 einem theile von England, Schweden und Deutschland herrscht der germanische 

 Typus vor, ganz unvermischt ist aber wohl nirgends mehr. In dem grosseren Theile 

 des letzteren stehen die germanischen Elemente den brachycephalen in ziemlich 

 gleicher Zahl gegeniiber, oder sind sogar in entschiedener Minderheit. . . . 



' Mit der unverwiistlichen Zahigkeit welche ihm eigen ist, kommt er selbst in den 

 am meisten brachycephalen Bezirken Deutschlands immer wieder auf die Oberflache, 

 wie die von mir zusammen gestellten Mischf ormenreihen zeigen. Welches das End 

 resultat sein wird, kann niemand wissen, nur so viel ist sicher, dass alle Mischrassen 

 so lange in Fluss bleiben, bis sie zu Grunde gegangen sind oder bis das schwachere 

 Element von dem kraftigeren umgewandelt ist ; aber nur bis zu einem ge wissen Grade, 



