UPON THE SERIES OF PREHISTORIC CRANIA. 653 



retreating 1 forehead is correlated, Dr. Daniel Wilson informs us 

 (Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, xviii. 1, July 1863, p. 61), with 

 a lower jaw which is * large and massive, but with less of the 

 prognathous development than in the superior maxillary.' In the 

 Horned Cairn of Get, Caithness, which though not one of the oldest 

 of those cairns did yet contain, as described by Mr. J. Anderson 

 (Mem. Soc. Anth. Lond. iii. p. 220 ; Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. June 1868, 

 p. 500), no metallic implements, but on the other hand with other 

 worked flints an arrow-head of the early leaf-shape, a dolicho- 

 cephalic skull (cephalic index 76) was found, of which Dr. C. 

 Carter Blake writes, locc. citt., ' The inferior maxilla is very large 

 and massive, the chin being excessively prominent ; the inferior 

 border is very thick and rounded, the posterior angle of the 

 ascending ramus being rather obtuse. The sigmoid notch is not 

 shallow.' And Virchow has (Archiv fur Anthropologie, vi. p. 90, 

 1873) remarked of the numerous fragments of jaws recovered by 

 Schmerling from the Engis Cave, that the upper jaws have usually 

 a very wide, almost semicircular contour described by their alveolar 

 processes, and have also their teeth very much worn away ; and 

 also that the lower jaws are strong-, and their middle region much 

 rounded out. Some of these cases may no doubt be considered to 

 have been ' exceptional ; ' exceptional developments being by no 

 means unknown in pure and pristine races ; but I incline to think 

 that in the great majority of cases in which such jaws have been 

 procured from interments of the stone and bone age the epithets 

 ' thick ' and ' heavy ' rather than * well-developed ' and ' powerful ' 

 will be found to be applicable to them. The segment of the body 

 of such jaws which corresponds to their molar series is very often 

 strikingly strong and even tumid, a development which one is 

 tempted to refer to the stimulation hard food throws upon the 

 teeth firstly and the jaw secondly. The jaw when placed upon a 

 horizontal surface will be found in many cases to touch it by this 

 segment only, the angle and symphysis both lying above it. The 

 chin however and the angle of such jaws are found to contrast 

 greatly to disadvantage with the similar regions of the powerful 

 jaws of male subjects of races such as the Anglo-Saxon ; either the 

 depth of the prehistoric jaw of the middle line in front may be found 

 to be markedly short ; or when it is, as is sometimes the case, the 

 very reverse of this, this depth is due much more to the alveolar part 

 of the bone than to any increase in size of the triangular raised area 

 of the mentum. A chin conformed in either of these two ways 



