658 GENERAL EEMAEKS 



abridged, of being more frequently quoted than he is, as to the 

 size and appearance of the British heroine, give us some colour 

 of reason for suggesting that Boadicea may have possessed the 

 cranial conformation characteristic of the bronze age, rather than 

 that which we have at Arras in the East Riding and elsewhere 

 found in interments with the archaeological accompaniment of 

 the late Celtic or early Iron period in this country. 



On the other hand, a collection of the trunk and limb bones 

 from one of the long barrows described above as examined in the 

 neighbouring county of Gloucester (as e.g. p. 538 supra) contrasts 

 in no point more strikingly with a similar collection from such 

 a tumulus as the one at Crawley than in the disproportionate 

 slightness and shortness of the female skeletons. The average 

 difference in civilised races in the stature of men and women 

 may be taken as about four inches, being in England at present 

 the difference between about 68" and 64" ; twice this difference 

 will very usually be found to exist between the male and female 

 skeletons of the stone and bone period, being the difference between 

 about 66" and 58". The male skeletons of this period contrast to 

 disadvantage with the male skeletons of each and all of the races 

 who have inhabited this country since the introduction of metal 

 into it; but the difference between the female and the male 

 skeletons of this early period is a very much greater difference than 

 any which can be shown to arise out of the .comparison of any 

 other two sets of adult human bones from cemeteries in this country. 

 This difference is perhaps more strikingly shown by a comparison 

 of the male and female collar-bones than by that of any other bones 

 of the skeleton ; and it enables us to reproduce for ourselves the 

 narrow chest and drooping shoulders which must have given their 

 owners an appearance of great feebleness during life. It has been 

 noted by Professor Bask in the skeletons from the Gibraltar caves 

 (see Trans. Internat. Congress, Prehist. Archseology, 1869, p. 158), 

 and I have noted it in every case in which the trunk bones have 

 been recovered from long barrows. It is as marked in the 



a woman's spirit. She was of very large bodily proportions ; the fierceness of her 

 appearance struck beholders with awe; the expression of her countenance was exceed- 

 ingly severe and piercing. Her voice was harsh, and she had a profusion of very light 

 hair, which reached down to her hips.' Lib. Ixii. 701, ed. Leunclavii, 1606. It is not 

 impossible to reconcile this account with Martial's lines, xi. 53-56 : 

 ' Claudia cseruleis quum sit Kufina Britannis 



Edita quam Latiae pectora plebis habet. 

 Quale decus formse, Romanam credere matres 

 Italides possunt, Atthides esse suam. 5 



