APPENDIX. 725 



supply of honey to bees, to say nothing of its other uses, that in 

 view of the indigenous character of the tree being disputed it be- 

 comes of importance to note that De Candolle (1. c. p. 658), with the 

 arguments of Messrs. Leighton and Bromfield and with the philo- 

 logical evidence furnished by Davies (Welsh Botany, p. 53) before 

 him, inclines to the affirmative side of the question. As regards 

 the small-leaved lime-tree, Tilia parvifolia, the claims of which to 

 be considered indigenous Mr. H. C. Watson (Cybele, i. p. 243) 

 allows, it may be added that Mr. Edwin Lees (cit. Johns, I. c. 

 p. 260) informs us that there is in the neighbourhood of Worcester 

 a wood remote from any old dwelling or public road, of about 

 500 acres in extent, the greater part of which is composed of the 

 small-leaved lime. 



II. OF THE PREHISTORIC FAUNA OF NEOLITHIC TIMES. 



But though the lime may have been available in these islands 

 for the use of the bee, and though both the laws (Wotton, Leg. 

 Wallicse, i. 22. p. 43) and the literature (Sharon Turner, Vindication 

 of the Ancient British Poems, p. 59 ; Stephens, Literature of the 

 Kymry, 2nd ed., 1876, p. 80) no less than the reputation (Holm- 

 shed, England, ed. 1807, i. 286) of the Welsh tell us that they 

 made ' no less accompt ' of metheglin or mead ' than the Greeks 

 did of their ambrosia or nectar/ I should for several reasons be slow 

 to think that the bee was domesticated in this country before the 

 Roman era, or that the Celtic mead was made of any but wild 

 honey. If we consider however, firstly, that even to the Romans 

 themselves sugar was mainly procured from honey, beet-root and 

 maple-sugar being wholly unknown and cane-sugar having been 

 heard of only in some tradition from the expedition of Nearchus 

 (Strabo, xv. 1. 20); and, secondly, how largely now separated sugars 1 

 enter into the dietaries even of the poorest amongst us, we shall 



1 See address to the Physiological Subsection of the British Association, by Ed- 

 ward Smith, M.D., F. R. S. Report, Bath Meeting, 1864, p. 110. * Separated sugars 

 were obtained by 98 per cent, of the farm labourers in England, 92 per cent, in Wales, 

 96 per cent, in Scotland, and 82 per cent, in Ireland ; and the quantity per adult 

 weekly was England 7| ozs., Wales 7 ozs., Scotland 5| ozs., and Ireland 4 ozs.; so 

 that Wales occupied the head, and Ireland the foot of the list, both in frequency and 

 quantity. Of in-door operatives, silk-weavers obtained 7| ozs., needle-women 7% ozs., 

 kid-glovers 4| ozs., shoemakers 10 ozs., and stocking-weavers 11 ozs. ; and hence the 

 average was higher than that of out-door labourers, as 8 ozs. to 6'6 ozs. The frequency 

 with which they were obtained was the same in both classes on the whole average.' 



