736 APPENDIX. 



Grb'sse ; ' a description which, however vague, is decisive as to its 

 representing a long-domesticated breed. The lower jaw, the only 

 part of the head which had been left undisturbed in situ, had the 

 stoutness and was about the size of that bone as seen in some of the 

 smaller English mastiffs ; its trunk bones are still incomplete, but 

 may be supposed to have made up the framework of a body about 

 the size of that of an ordinary shepherd's-dog l . The dogs of the 

 bronze period referred to, supra p. 732, are about the same size. 



In the same chamber with the bones of this dog a single bone 

 of a fox, Cams vulpes^ was found, which escaped notice when the 

 contents of the chamber were first examined and described, 1. c. 

 Its texture and weathering are so similar to those of the other 

 bones, human and canine, found in the chamber, as to suggest that 

 it must have been nearly or quite of the same age ; and its slender- 

 ness and slightness, as compared with those of modern foxes, 

 illustrate the principle that the bones of the carnivora of times 

 when game-preserving was unknown, and when they had conse- 

 quently more of their own congeners to compete with and fewer 

 of their victims available to prey upon, are smaller than those of 

 our days when these conditions are exactly reversed. The bones 

 of the martens and polecats which I have found in various barrows 

 bear out this view. Similar facts have been noted by Rutimeyer 

 in the ' Fauna der Pfahlbauten,' p. 231. 



As in the earlier pile-dwellings of Switzerland, so in the stone- 

 age barrows of this country, the horse is less frequently found than 

 from what we know of the discovery of its bones in cave-dwellings 

 on the one hand, and in interments of later date than the stone age 

 on the other, we should be inclined to expect 2 . I have never found 

 the bones or teeth of a horse in a long barrow, and I would remark 

 that, whilst such bones are very likely to be introduced into such 

 barrows in the way of secondary interments, I have not met with 



1 The dog was abundantly represented in the Norfolk flint mines known as ' Grimes 

 Graves/ and described by Canon Greenwell, Journal Ethnol. Soc. 1870, p. 431. I do 

 not know the size of the animals to which these remains belonged, but the ingenious 

 argument which Rutimeyer has drawn from the supposedly uniform inferiority in 

 size of the stone-age dog for the singleness of race of his human masters is invalidated 

 by the discovery in the very early lake-dwelling of Luscherz by Dr. Studer of more 

 than one race of dogs. See Bericht iiber die Pfahlbauten des Bielersees, 1875, p. 24. 



2 For the history of the prehistoric horse, see Rutimeyer, Fauna der Pfahlbauten, 

 1861, p. 122; Archiv fur Anthrop., 1873, vi. p. 60 ; 1875, viii. p. 125; Veranderungen 

 Unserer Thierwelt, 1876, pp. 69, 92 ; Naumann, Archiv fur Anthrop., 1875, viii. p. 12 ; 

 Merk, Excavations at the Kesserloch, translated by J. E. Lee, 1876, pp. 9, 47, with 

 figure ; Dupont, Congre's Internat. Stockholm, C. R. 821 ; Kinberg, ibid., p. 830. 



