APPENDIX. 737 



any exact record as to the finding of them in surroundings which 

 left no doubt as to their being contemporaneous with the primary 

 interments. The bones of the horse are both durable and con- 

 spicuous, and it is difficult to think that if the neolithic man had 

 used the animal either for purposes of food or for those of carriage, 

 as his predecessors and successors did, we should not have come 

 upon abundant and unambiguous evidence of such use. 



As regards the wild boar, Sus scrofa, v&r.ferus, I have to say that 

 in this country, whatever has been the case elsewhere, it has been 

 but rarely found in the barrows either of the bronze or of the stone 

 period. Until indeed the discovery of it at Cissbury, as described 

 in the Journal Anth. Inst., vol. vi. p. 20 seqq., I had never met 

 with its remains in any barrow, though the domesticated variety 

 had been represented in several of both periods. Subsequently the 

 tusk of a wild boar was found in the Nether Swell long barrow. 

 The lower part of the horizontal ramus of the lower jaw of a wild 

 boar found at Cissbury had been broken away, as has so often been 

 noted in other instances, for the purpose of extracting the marrow; 

 and the same practice had been put in force with the remains of two 

 tame pigs found (as described above, p. 454) immediately behind the 

 head of a female skeleton of the late Celtic period. The domestic 

 British pig does not seem to me to differ in any important par- 

 ticulars from the races which we believe to be the descendants 

 of the wild boar. Two bronze statuettes of the Gallo-Roman period 

 given me by Mr. John Evans, as also many antique Italian terra 

 cotta figures, show that the Romans in Gaul knew both the long- 

 snouted wild-boar-like breed and the shorter- snouted better-bred 

 race. The same contrast is shown in two plates (pi. iii. 4, pi. v. 5) 

 of Sambon's ' Recherches sur les Monnaies Antiques de 1'Italie/ 

 Naples, 1870, the former of which gives us a pig with a very 

 long and slender snout, whilst in the latter, which represents 

 a sow suckling three young ones, we have, together with the 

 pendent ears, so usually though not invariably characteristic of 

 domestication, the short snout bent upwards so as to form, as in 

 our best breeds, an angle with the plane of the sagittal suture 

 along the roof of the skull. Columella may be cited in support 

 of the same view, as he (lib viii. cap. 9) says that pigs with such 

 short and recurved snouts were preferred to those of a different 

 frontal profile ; ' Quare in suillo pecore probandi sunt .... rostns 

 Irevibus et resupims? But I have not found the skulls of this 

 ' Cultur-Race ' in British burial-places, and the tenacity with which 



