738 APPENDIX. 



very different races have maintained themselves in very many 

 parts even of our less wild districts up to quite recent memory 

 make this the less remarkable. The figures of the boar upon coins 

 and shields of the late Keltic period, i.e. from circa 200 B.C. to 

 circa 80 A.D., might perhaps be taken as confirming the conclusion 

 which my examination of the osteological remains (given at length 

 in the Transactions of the Linnaean Society, Zoological Series, 

 vol. ii. 1877) had led me to, had they been more frequently and 

 more distinctively than they are, figures of domesticated as opposed 

 to wild animals. Still, what Mr. Franks writes (Horse Ferales, p. 188, 

 pi. xiv.) is to the purpose in this connexion, especially if we com- 

 pare the plate referred to by him with plates vi, viii, xii, and xiii 

 of Mr. Evans's * British Coins.' Mr. Franks's words (I. <?.) are as 

 follows: 'The boar as seen on the Witham shield appears only 

 on the older or autonomous coins of Gaul and Britain ; on Roman 

 civilisation being introduced, this national symbol was no longer 

 a gaunt lean animal, as it appears on the shield, but a well -con- 

 ditioned boar of a natural form and in a classical attitude V 



The small Scottish Highland and Island breed of pigs described 

 by Low (' Domesticated Animals of the British Islands,' Eng. ed. 

 p. 429, Fr. ed. pi. iii) and by Youatt ('The Pig,' 1847, pp. 50-52) 

 as having sharp-pointed suberect ears, remarkably strong muscular 

 snouts, an arched back (the ' Carp ' back of the Germans), and 



1 The following passage from De Blainville's * Osteographie/ 1847, fasc. xxii. p. 170, 

 may be quoted as being a good instance of the folly of relying in these questions upon 

 negative evidence, especially when the existence of that evidence is due simply to 

 neglect of the three lines of enquiry available here, viz. the examination of bones ; the 

 excavation or other discovery of coins and works of art ; and, thirdly, the examina- 

 tion of literature. Writing of Sus he says, * Du temps de Csar il parait cependant 

 qu'elle n'dtait pas encore parvenue dans les Gaules, car il n'est nullernent question de 

 cet animal dans ses Commentaires ; elle s'y est done propagde depuis la conquete d'ou 

 elle a passe'e en Angleterre qui ne possedait pas mSme de sanglier dans ses forets/ It 

 is needless to refer to the innumerable discoveries of Sus, both wild and tame, in pre- 

 Roman deposits in this country; and the unanimously accepted result of archaeological 

 enquiry may be shortly summed up in the following words of M. Montellier's 'Memoires 

 sur les Bronzes Antiques ' (Paris, 1865, p. 41), ' Le de symbole sanglier etait un sym- 

 bole Celtique le plus ancien de tous les symboles adoptes dans les Gaules.' The evidence 

 of literature tells even more strongly in the same direction. From Mr. Thomas 

 Stephens's "Literature of the Kymry' (second edition, 1876, pp. 236-270) I learn 

 that this animal was taken by the Kymric poets as typifying the past and future 

 fortunes of their race, and the number of odes translated in the pages referred to in 

 which the persons addressed by those bards are apostrophised in its character is very 

 great. Neither Mr. Stephens nor Mr. Davies can, I apprehend, be accused of want of 

 sympathy with the race which they write of ; but I note as regards this particular 

 point that the only difference between them is that (pp. 237 and 270) whilst according 

 to Mr. Davies in the Hoianau the pig is ' the symbol of Druidism/ it appears to Mr. 

 Stephens that it ' allegorically represents the Kymry who inhabited the Principality/ 



