APPENDIX. 743 



(see Nind, I. c., p. 29) justifies us in holding that this second stage 

 of co-operation may have been attained to very early in the history 

 of our species. 



The contrast, common in ancient writings, both sacred and pro- 

 fane, between Bos primigenius, ' magnitudine paullo infra elephantosj 

 as Csesar wrote of them (De Bell. Gall., vi. 28), and the tamed 

 variety or varieties of the species, with the c tenue et miserable 

 collum' which Juvenal (Sat. x. 270) half pathetically describes,, were 

 seen in eminently instructive contrast in the Cissbury pits, the 

 filling up of which with chalk rubble had very effectually preserved 

 the bones. By the spar-like hardness and lustre, by the sharply- 

 defined ridges and sculpturing of the surface, and, finally, by the 

 huge size of the wild animals' bones when viewed in contrast with 

 those of the tame races, we are helped as effectually as by almost any 

 other means to realise the immense difference which exists between 

 those times and ours ; in which last the representatives of the 

 wild ox, still surviving under Lord Tankerville's care at Chillingham 

 in an at least half- wild state, are so much smaller, and the domestic 

 races so much larger. The wild animal of prehistoric times to 

 attain and sustain its vast bulk must have had command of good 

 pasturage which even the cherished and protected herds of modern 

 wild cattle might envy, but with this, itself a thing possible only 

 in a district occupied but sparsely by man, there co-operated another 

 agency distinctive of a wild country. This agency was the selecting 

 agency of carnivora, in the Britain of those times chiefly wolves, 

 which would weed out the weaker members of each herd, long 

 before they attained the sexual maturity which might have enabled 

 "them to bring into being a stock of weakness and smallness like 

 their own. The rifle-bullet, on the other hand, of modern days 

 selects the monarch of the herd, and leaves the sustentation of the 

 race to the despised smaller representatives of it. The differences 

 between the conditions affecting the domestic breeds of ancient 

 and modern times respectively are at least as striking. The range 

 available to a savage tribe ever at war with its neighbours, as is 

 the habit of modern, as it was of ancient uncivilised tribes, must 

 have been limited and small relatively to the number of the cattle 

 which a tribe devoid of cerealia must have had for their sustenta- 

 tion. This would affect the animal during the whole period of its 

 growth, and very materially. And we have to add to this the 

 consideration that not only were such articles as turnips wholly 

 unknown to the ancient Briton, but that even such an art as that 



