332 LEADING AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 



of Evolution," contributed to Lippincott's Magazine in 1871; 

 "Evolution and its Consequences" (1872); "Consciousness in 

 Evolution" (1875) and "The Origin of the Will" (1877) which 

 appeared in the Penn Monthly in the years named. Of similar 

 character were his studies "On Archaesthetism " (1882); "The 

 Relations of Mind to Matter" (1887); and "The Theology of 

 Evolution (1887), originally published in the American Natural- 

 ists, as well as "What is the Object of Life?" (1887) which 

 appeared in The Forum. 



Many of these are included in the series of twenty-one essays 

 on evolution which he published in 1886 with the title of The 

 Origin of the Fittest. In this volume of 467 pages he presents 

 "the doctrine of evolution from a more modern standpoint than 

 that of Darwin and which is at the same time more ancient, namely 

 that of Lamarck." He shows essentially that organic structure 

 or species are the result of movements long continued and inherited 

 and that the character of these movements was originally deter- 

 mined by consciousness or sensibility. Effort or use exerted by 

 the living being on its own body is the reason, he contended, why 

 variations occur for natural selection to play on. 



The London Athen&um said of this volume: 



"As many of the opponents of evolution are, consciously or 

 unconsciously, swayed by the fear that the principle threatens the 

 future of revealed religion, it is proper to add that Professor Cope's 

 method of dealing with metaphysical evolution is hardly one to 

 which any of the various synonyms of 'unorthodox 7 could be 

 applied." 



Among his later essays worthy of special mention are the fol- 

 lowing: "Evolution and Idealism" (1888); "The Relation of 

 Will to the Conservation of Energy" (1888); "The Theism of 

 Evolution" (1888); "On Inheritance in Evolution" (1889); "The 

 Evolution of Mind" (1890); "Phylogeny of Man" (1891); "The 

 Energy of Evolution" (1894); and "Psychic Evolution" (1897), 

 all of which appeared in the American Naturalist. His papers on 

 the relations of individuals during this period were for the most 

 part contributed to the Monist and The Open Court, both of which 



