ON THOUGHT IN MEDICINE. 235 



My own researches have led me more than other 

 disciples of the school of natural science into contro- 

 versial regions; and the expressions of metaphysical 

 discontent have perhaps concerned me even more than 

 my friends, as many of you are doubtless aware. 



In order, therefore, to leave my own personal opinions 

 quite on one side, I have allowed two unsuspected war- 

 rantors to speak for me Socrates and Kant both of 

 whom were certain that all metaphysical systems estab- 

 lished up to their time were full of empty false con- 

 clusions, and who guarded themselves against adding 

 any new ones. In order to show that the matter has 

 not changed, either in the last 2,000 years or in the 

 last 100 years, let me conclude with a sentence of one 

 who was unfortunately too soon taken away from us, 

 Frederick Albert Lange, the author of the ' History of 

 Materialism.' In his posthumous 'Logical Studies,' 

 which he wrote in anticipation of his approaching end, 

 he gives the following picture, which struck me because 

 it would hold just as well in reference to solidar or 

 humoral pathologists, or any other of the old dogmatic 

 schools of medicine. 



Lange says : The Hegelian ascribes to the Herbartian 

 a less perfect knowledge than to himself, and conversely ; 

 but neither hesitates to consider the knowledge of the 

 other to be higher compared with that of the empiricist, 

 and to recognise in it at any rate an approximation to 



