ON ACADEMIC FREEDOM IN GERMAN UNIVERSITIES. 247 



ordinary cases, in which the pupil does what he has 

 seen his teacher do. It is only unusual cases that test 

 how much actual insight and judgment the pupil has 

 acquired. The French people are moreover gifted, 

 vivacious, and ambitious, and this corrects many de- 

 fects in their system of teaching. 



A special feature in the organisation of French 

 Universities consists in the fact that the position of 

 the teacher is quite independent of the favour of his 

 hearers ; the pupils who belong to his faculty are 

 generally compelled to attend his lectures, and the far 

 from inconsiderable fees which they pay flow into the 

 chest of the Minister of Education ; the regular salaries 

 of the University professors are defrayed from this 

 source ; the State gives but an insignificant contri- 

 bution towards the maintenance of the University. 

 When, therefore, the teacher has no real pleasure in 

 teaching, or is not ambitious of having a number of 

 pupils, he very soon becomes indifferent to the success 

 of his teaching, and is inclined to take things easily. 



Outside the lecture-rooms, the French students 

 live without control, and associate with young men of 

 other callings, without any special esprit de corps or 

 common feeling. 



The development of the German Universities differs 

 characteristically from these two extremes. Too poor 

 in their own possessions not to be compelled, with 



