02 



Touching upon more modern experience, we recently demolished a jetty in 

 Woolloouiooloo Bay which had been standing twenty years. The piles were 

 of unsheathed turpentine, and proved to be so sound that they have been used 

 again in additions to wharves such as Jones Brothers' coal wharf, Gillespie's 

 wharf, &c. These piles only showed a few teredo holes in the sapwood, and a 

 little erosion above low-water mark, due to Limnoria. 



From our experience, which it will be seen is based upon the test of a 

 great many years, it is quite certain that turpentine piles, unsheathed, are in- 

 comparably superior, not only to any oth^r Australian timber, but, also, to 

 any other obtainable of the same size. 



Our opinion of the value of turpentine as a teredo-resisting timber has 

 received such confirmation that we have built several wharves on unsheathed 

 turpentine piles, amongst which may be mentioned Dalgety's White Star 

 wharf, at Miller's Point, 1,200 feet long by 40 feet wide, and we confidently 

 look forward to a life of from thirty to forty years for these wharves. 



H. D. WALSH, 



Ensineer-in-Chief. 

 W. E. ADAMS, 



Sydney Harbour Trust, Assistant Engineer. 



28th November, 1904. 



Exudation. If the tree be wounded, there exudes a brownish liquid resin. 

 If it be desired to collect this substance in quantity, the best way is to fell 

 the tree and to cut it into logs, which may be inclined. The resin will 

 exude, forming a ring between the wood and the bark, and may be scraped 

 off or drained into a suitable vessel. It belongs to the class of bodies known 

 as "' oleo-resins." 



Size. From 120 to 180 feet is no uncommon height for this tree to attain. 

 It often measures 20 to 30 feet in circumference, with a great length of 

 bole; but such magnificent specimens are, within easy range of Sydney, 

 usually found in gullies difficult of access. 



Habitat. It extends throughout the coast districts from the Tweed to 

 the Ulladulla district, arriving at its greatest luxuriance in deep gullies 

 containing good soil, in which situations it is also found well into the moun- 

 tains. Its southern limit is the head of Cockwhy Creek, between UlladuDa 

 and Bateman's Bay. It extends into Queensland. The return, in my 

 ' Forest Flora of New South Wales," Part I, gives valuable information 

 concerning turpentine, and is a guide to the distribution of this timber. 



In walking over the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, the last tree of 

 this species, seen by Mr. R. H. Cambage and myself, is at the top of the big 

 hill, Lawson to Wentworth Falls. 



It is indigenous to the Sydney Botanic Gardens and Domain. 



Propagation. From seed, which is very freely produced. This tree is 

 one of the best indigenous shade-trees in the State. It is gregarious, and 

 its noble, leafy head makes it an ideal tree under which to put garden seats, 

 or to serve as shelter trees for men or animals in a paddock, or as specimen 

 trees, to give a park-like appearance to the land. It is one of those trees 

 that should always be spared in clearing operations, unless its room is 

 actually wanted. It is so different in appearance to the ordinary run of 

 gum-trees that the occurrence of turpentines is often a relief to the eye. 

 My experience tends to show that turpentines have a large number of roots 

 near the surface, which, if disturbed, readily kill the tree. I would not, 

 however, like to generalise on this point. I have seen some experiments on 

 pollarding the turpentine. The trees were cut in the month of May, and 



