416 ACTUAL WORKING IN ORIGINAL RESEARCH. 



In actual research, we continually find, that causes act 

 both inductively and .deductively ; thus under one set of 

 conditions the simpler force of heat produces the more 

 complex form of energy we call chemical affinity, whilst 

 under other conditions, chemical energy produces heat ; 

 in other cases a number of small and more complex pheno- 

 mena combine together to produce a result of a simpler 

 kind. This inductive and deductive action of causes is 

 related to the great principle of conservation of energy, for 

 if simple causes could not produce complex effects, all the 

 more complex forces and their actions would be gradually 

 resolved into the simpler ones and thus disappear. If also 

 the conversion of complex forces into simpler ones was 

 greater in amount than that of simple forces into complex 

 ones, the latter would disappear. 



Causes vary in magnitude, and every dynamical effect 

 must have a true and equivalent dynamical cause. Effects 

 are proportional to true causes only, not to exciting ones ; 

 existing causes are less than equivalent to their apparent 

 effects. The effects of exciting causes are mixed quan- 

 tities ; viz., those due to the exciting cause, and those 

 due to the potential cause which produces the chief effect ; 

 and as in many cases exciting and true causes act together, 

 the law of proportionality of effects to the immediate 

 causes appears to fail in those cases. 



Causes are often opposed to -each other, and an effect is 

 frequently a product of the difference of power of two 

 opposing influences. In other cases, where the opposing 

 influences are equal in amount, they are balanced, and 

 mutually preventive of each other's effects, and a statical 

 result exists ; rest in such cases may be viewed as an 



continuity of motion, persistency of force, &c., are ably treated of in 

 ' First Principles,' Part II., by Herbert Spencer. 



