ANNOTATIONS AND ADDITIONS. 71 



language is the same as that of the Berbers ; and they belong un- 

 questionably to the number of the primitive Lybian nations. The 

 Tuaricks present a remarkable physiological phenomenon. Different 

 tribes among them are, according to the climate, white, yellowish, 

 and even almost black ; but all are without woolly hair or negro 

 features. (Exploration scientifique de PAlgerie, t. ii. p. 343.) 



(a) p. 27." The Ship of the Desert." 



In oriental poems, the camel is called the land-ship, or the ship 

 of the Desert (Sefynet-el-badyet). (Chardin, Voyages, nouv. ed. par 

 Langles, 1811, t. iii. p. 376.)' 



But the camel is not merely the carrier of the Desert, and the link 

 which, rendering communication between different countries possible, 

 connects them with each other : he is also, as Carl Bitter has shown 

 in his excellent memoir on the sphere of diffusion of these animals, 

 the principal and essential condition of the nomadic life of nations 

 in the patriarchal stage of national development, in the hot parts of 

 our planet where rain is either altogether wanting, or very infrequent. 

 No animal's life is so closely associated by natural bonds with a par- 

 ticular stage of the development of the life of man a connection 

 historically established for several thousand years as the life of the 

 camel among the Bedouin tribes (Asien, bd. viii. Abth. i. 1847, 

 s. 610 und 758). " The camel was entirely unknown to the 

 cultivated Carthaginian nation through all the centuries of their 

 flourishing existence, until the destruction of their city. The Maru- 

 sians first brought it into military use, in the train of armies, in 

 Western Lybia, in the times of the Caesars ; perhaps in "consequence 

 of its employment in commercial operations in the valley of the 

 Nile by the Ptolemies. The Gruanches, inhabitants of the Canary 

 Islands, and probably related to the Berber race, were not acquainted 

 with the camel before the 15th century, when it was introduced by 

 Norman conquerors and settlers. In the probably very limited com- 

 munication of the Gruanches with the coast of Africa, the small 

 size of the boats would prevent the transport of large animals. The 

 true Berber race, diffused throughout the interior of Northern 

 Africa, and to which the Tibbos and Tuaricks, as already mentioned, 



