CHAPTER III. — THE AaF. 37 



with five leaflets is palmately-quinquefoliolate, or quinate, Fig. 124, 

 and the Horse-chestnut furnishes an example, Fig. 126, of a 

 palmately-septemfoliolate or septenate leaf, while the Lupine and 

 some other plants produce palmate leaves with a still larger 

 number of leaflets. There are also biternate, triternate, multi- 

 ternate and ternately-decompound leaves. Fig. 125 is an example 

 of a bi-ternate leaf. 



Leaf Surface. In the observation and description of leaves 

 and other portions of the plant body, it is often important to 

 take into account the character of the surface. 



Plant surfaces are glabrous, when smooth, or free from hairs 

 or protuberances of any kind ; glaucous or pruinous, when cov- 

 ered with a bloom, as the leaf of the Cabbage ; punctate, when 

 dotted with pellucid or other dots ; glandular, when bearing 

 glands or secreting vesicles on the surface ; rugose, when 

 wrinkled ; scabrous, when harsh or rough to the touch ; verrucose, 

 or verrucous, when covered with protuberances or warts ; 

 pubescent, when covered with rather short, soft hairs ; puberulent, 

 when minutely pubescent; sericeous, when covered with a pub- 

 escence of very fine, appressed, silky hairs ; lanuginous, when 

 covered with wooly hairs ; tomentose, or tomentous, when covered 

 with matted or felted hairs ; villose, or villous, when bearing 

 long, soft, shaggy hairs ; pilose, or pilous, when bearing long, 

 straight, soft hairs ; floccose, or« floccous, when bearing tufted, 

 or cottony hairs ; hispid, when covered with stiff hairs or bristles ; 

 strigose, or strigous, when covered with stout, sharp, appressed 

 hairs ; spinose, or spinous when provided with spines ; echinate, 

 when possessing barbed prickles ; and aculeate, when prickly 



Texture of Leaves. It is also of some importance to 

 observe the texture of leaves. They are described as membranous. 

 when thin and pliable ; as succulent, when thickened and juicy, 

 as the leaves of Live-for-ever, etc. ; as stations, when dry, like 

 bud-scales; as coriaceous, when thickish and leathery, like the 

 leaves of the great-flowered Magnolia ; as herbaceous, when green 

 in color, as most ordinary leaves ; and as pctaloid, when colored 

 like petals, or of some lively color different from green. 



Specially Modified Leaves. Some of these, such as bud- 

 scales and leaf tendrils, have already been mentioned, but there 

 are many others which, having become adapted to functions 



