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PART IV. VEGETABLE TAXONOMY. 



The ordinary or spore-bearing plants are all terrestrial, 

 and moss-like in appearance, the stems being thickly clothed 

 with small simple and often narrow leaves. Both stems and 

 roots grow by an apical growth, not however from a single apical 

 cell, but from a cluster of them. In habit, the stems may either 

 be creeping, with erect or ascending branches, as in Lycopodium 



Fig. 565. — Fruiting branches of Lycopodium clavatum, about one-half natural size, a, 

 fruiting cone : b, one of the scales of a cone showing inner surface, and one of the sporangia 

 near its base, considerably magnified; c, three spores highly magnified. 



clavatum, or, less commonly, erect from the first, as in Lycopo- 

 dium Selago. The stems nearly always appear to be forked, and 

 in most cases are really so, but in a few instances the branching 

 is actually monopodial. 



