I4O PRACTICAL PHYSIOLOGY. [XXII. 



LESSON XXTT. 

 BLOOD, BILE, AND SUGAR IN URINE. 



1. Blood in Ur^ne (Haematuria). 



The Blood may come from any part of the urinary apparatus. 



If from kidney, it is usually small in amount and well mixed with the 

 urine, and the microscope may reveal the presence of "blood-casts," i.e., 

 blood-moulds of the renal tubules. Large coagula are never found, and the 

 urine not (infrequently is "smoky." From the bladder or urethra, usually 

 the urine is bright red, and relatively large coagula are frequently present. 

 In all forms, blood-corpuscles are to be detected by the microscope, and 

 albumin by its tests. 



(.) Examine the naked-eye characters of a specimen. It may 

 be any tint from red to brown, but if the blood is well mixed with 

 the urine, the latter usually has a " smoky " appearance. 



(b.) Microscope.- Collect any deposit and examine it microscop- 

 ically for blood-corpuscles, which, however, are frequently dis- 

 coloured or misshapen. 



(c.) Spectrum. Examine for the spectrum of oxy haemoglobin 

 or met-hsemoglobin (Lesson VI. 6, 1). 



(d.) Gruaiacum Test. Mix some freshly prepared tincture of 

 guaiacum with urine, and pour on it some ozonic ether ; a blue 

 colour indicates the presence of haemoglobin. This reaction may 

 be done on filter-paper. 



(<?.) Heller's Blood Test. Make the urine strongly alkaline with caustic 

 soda, and boil. On standing, a deposit of earthy phosphates, coloured red or 

 brown by haematin, occurs, the deposit carrying down the altered colouring- 

 matter of the blood with it. This is not a satisfactory test. 



(/. ) The urine gives the reactions of albumin. 



2. Hsemoglobinuria. 



This term is applied to that condition where haemoglobin is excreted 

 through the kidney as such, and is not contained within the blood-corpuscles. 

 The urine contains haemoglobin, but not the blood-corpuscles as such. It 

 occurs when blood-corpuscles are destroyed within the blood-vessels, as after 

 the transfusion of the blood of one species into the blood-vessels of another 

 species ; after the transfusion of warm water ; the injection of a solution of 

 haemoglobin into a vein ; and after extensive destruction of the skin by burn- 

 ing. It also occurs in purpura, scurvy, often in typhus or scarlet fever, 

 pernicious malaria, in "periodic harnoglobinuria," and after the inhalation 

 of arseniuretted hydrogen. 



(ft.) The urine gives the same reactions as in haematuria, but no 

 blood -corpuscles are detected by the microscope. 



